Practicals (Paper 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What safety precautions should be taken when using a light microscope?

A
  • Always start with the lowest power objective under the eyepiece
  • Clip the slide securely on the stage
  • Adjust the light source (mirror) so that light goes up through the slide
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2
Q

What does the coarse focusing wheel do on a microscope?

A

Used to focus on the slide

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3
Q

Where does the cell you are drawing need to be in relation to the slide?

A

In the middle

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4
Q

What is the fine focusing wheel used for?

A

To focus on the cell

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5
Q

When should you not use the coarse focusing wheel?

A

When you are using a higher powered objective as the the objective could crash into the slide

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6
Q

What does the slide go onto?

A

The stage

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7
Q

What do you look down on a microscope?

A

The eyepiece

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8
Q

What is the bit under the stage?

A

The mirror

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9
Q

What is the bigger wheel?

A

The coarse focusing wheel

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10
Q

What is the smaller wheel?

A

The fine focusing wheel

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11
Q

What are the 3 different parts connected to the bottom of the eye piece?

A

The objectives

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12
Q

What equipment would you need when drawing a labelled diagram of a plant cell?

A
  • Pencil
  • Ruler
  • Rubber
  • Unlined paper
  • Light microscope
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13
Q

What is the method for drawing a labelled diagram of a cell?

A
  • Focus the microscope on a single cell
  • Draw details of the parts of the cell that are important to your study
  • Keep looking back at the cell as you draw, draw only what you see, not what you’re meant to see
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14
Q

What is the method used to investigate the effect of pH on enzymes (using starch and amylase)?

A
  • Add amylase to buffered starch solution in a test tube
  • Place the test tube in a water beaker that is being heated by a bunsen burner at a constant temp
  • Take samples of the mixture every 10 seconds and mix them with a fresh drop of iodine solution on a dimple tile
  • Repeat until the iodine stops changing colour, record the time taken for this to happen
  • Repeat the procedure at different pH values
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15
Q

What is the method used to identify starch?

A

Add a few drops of iodine solution to solid food or mix with a solution of the food the iodine/solution will turn blue/black

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16
Q

What is the method for identifying reducing sugar?

A

Add a few drops of Benedict’s solution to a food solution and mix, heat the solution in a water bath at around 95 degrees for a few minutes, the solution should turn green, orange or red depending on how much sugar is present

17
Q

What is the method for identifying proteins? (biuret test)

A

Add a few drops of 0.1 moldm^-3 potassium hydroxide solution to the food solution and mix, then add a few drops of 0.01moldm^-3 copper sulfate solution and mix, the solution should turn pale purple if protein is present

18
Q

What is the method used to identify fats?

A

Add a few drops of ethanol to the food solution and shake thoroughly, add water to the mixture

19
Q

What is the method for finding the energy in a sample of food? (calorimetry)

A
  • The temperature of the water at the start is taken
  • The mass of the food sample is measured
  • The food is set alight using a bunsen burner and immediately placed under the tube containing the water
  • The temperature of the water is taken when the food has stopped burning and the temperature change is calculated
20
Q

What is the method for investigating osmosis in potatoes?

A
  • Mark the value of one solution concentration on one test tube, repeat for each different concentration of solution
  • Fill each tube around 2/3 full with the appropriate solution
  • Blot a piece of potato dry on a paper towel then measure and record its mass, then use forceps to place it into one of the tube, repeat this for all tubes
  • After 20 minutes remove each piece of potato and blot it dry on a paper towel
  • Measure each piece of potato’s mass and calculate the percentage change in mass
21
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance dissolved by the solvent

22
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A substance able to dissolve other substances

23
Q

What is a solution?

A

A liquid mixture containing a solvent and a solute, the solute has been dissolved by the solvent

24
Q

How do you calculate percentage change in mass?

A

((Final mass - initial mass) / initial mass ) x 100

25
Q

How is DNA extracted from fruit?

A
  • First the fruit is grinded with sand using a pestle and mortar
  • Then detergent is added to break down cell membranes, this enables the DNA to be taken out of the cell
  • Finally ice cold ethanol is added so the DNA precipitates, this puts the DNA all in one place so it has then been extracted from the fruit
26
Q

What is the method for investigating microbial cultures?

A
  • First turn the bacterial plate upside down and mark the base into 3 sections (one for each test disc), label each section with the substance used
  • Turn the plate the right way up and open the lid just enough so that the discs can be placed on the bacterial lawn
  • Use the sterile forceps to place each disc in its designated section, make sure you sterilise the forceps between placing each disc on the lawn by heating them with a blue flame on a bunsen burner
  • Tape the lid to the base of the plate without completely sealing it to avoid the risk of harmful anaerobic bacteria growing inside
  • Incubate the plate for a few days at 25 degrees
  • Accurately measure the diameter of any clear area in mm, the larger the diameter of a clear area around the disc, the more effective the substance is at killing bacteria