Cells and Control Flashcards
What are the uses of stem cells?
To create new, healthy cells to replace faulty cells
What are the advantages of embryonic stem cells?
Easy to extract from embryo
Can produce any type of cell
What are the disadvantages of embryonic stem cells?
Embryo is destroyed when the cells are removed
What are the advantages of adult stem cells?
No embryo has to be destroyed so there is no ethical issue with using adult stem cells
The body won’t reject stem cells taken from itself
What are the disadvantages of adult stem cells?
They can only produce a few types of cell
What are the issues with all types of stem cells?
Stem cells may never stop dividing and cause cancer
What are the functions of the medulla oblongata?
Controls heart rate and breathing rate
What are the functions of the cerebral hemispheres?
Controls voluntary movement, interprets sensory information and is responsible for learning and memory
What are the functions of the of the cerebellum?
Co-ordinates and controls precise movement
When does mitosis happen?
When new diploid cells are needed for growth, repair and asexual reproduction
How does growth in animals happen?
Mitosis - more cells are created
Examples of specialised animal cells
Red blood cells
Nerve cells
Egg and sperm cells
How does growth in plants happen?
Cells enlarge and elongate
Examples of specialised plant cells
Xylem
Phloem
Root hair cells
What are the differences in cell differentiation in plants and animals?
Most plant cells can continue to differentiate throughout life whereas animal cells lose this ability at an early stage
What are the uses of percentile charts?
They’re used to determine if a child is growing faster or slower than normal for their age
What is growth?
Permanent increase in size
How do CT scans work?
- Patient given a radioactive tracer so different parts of the brain show up
- CT scan carried out where many different x-rays of the brain and skull are taken from different angles
- Computer puts all the images together to form a 3D image
How do PET scans work?
- Patient given small amount of radioactive form of glucose which travels to parts of the body where respiration is occurring rapidly
- Shows up in parts of the body which might indicate damage or disease
- Scanner detects radioactivity and builds up images of where the radioactive tracer is most concentrated
What are the side effects of treating brain tumours?
Removes brain tumour but also can cause damage to healthy nervous tissue
What is the spinal cord?
Made of nerves, protected by the spine
What are the functions of sensory neurones?
Carry impulses to the central nervous system
What are the functions of motor neurones?
Carry impulses from central nervous system to effector organs