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Biology GCSE > Exchange > Flashcards

Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is oxygen exchanged?

A

The alveoli in lungs, oxygen needs to be exchanged because it is needed for respiration

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2
Q

Where is carbon dioxide exchanged?

A

The alveoli in lungs, it needs to be exchanged because it is a waste product of metabolism

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3
Q

Where is water exchanged?

A

The nephrons in the kidneys, it needs to be exchanged so cells can function properly

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4
Q

Where are dissolved food molecules exchanged?

A

In the small intestine, they’re exchanged as they’re needed for respiration

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5
Q

Where are mineral ions exchanged?

A

In the small intestine, they’re exchanged as cells need them to function properly

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6
Q

Where is urea exchanged?

A

The nephrons in kidneys, it’s exchanged because it’s a waste product of metabolism

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7
Q

What are the lungs adapted to exchange?

A

Gases

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8
Q

What is the small intestine adapted to exchange?

A

Solutes

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9
Q

What happens to an organism’s surface area to volume ratio as it gets bigger?

A

It gets smaller meaning they can’t rely on diffusion, they need to have specialist exchange surfaces and transport systems

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10
Q

What happens in the lungs?

A

Oxygen diffuses into the blood from the air taken in by the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood and into the air that has been taken in by the lungs

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11
Q

How are the lungs adapted for gas exchange?

A
  • They have millions of tiny alveoli which create a large surface area
  • Each alveolus is closely associated with a capillary, the alveoli have walls that are only one cell thick to minimise the diffusion distance
  • Continual blood flow through capillaries and ventilation of alveolus maintains high concentration gradients to maximise the rate of diffusion
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12
Q

What is Fick’s law?

A

Rate of diffusion ∝ (surface area x concentration difference) / thickness of membrane

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13
Q

How can rate of diffusion be maximised using the principles of Fick’s law?

A

The surface area and concentration difference need to be as large as possible, the thickness of the membrane needs to be as small as possible

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14
Q

What factors affect diffusion?

A
  • Surface area
  • Distance for diffusion /thickness of membrane
  • Concentration gradient
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15
Q

What are the four main things that make up blood?

A
  • Plasma
  • WBCs
  • RBCs
  • Platelets
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16
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

Blood plasma is the liquid part of blood, it carries blood cells through blood vessels, it contains many dissolved substances such as carbon dioxide and glucose

17
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

Blood cells that are larger than red blood cells, they’re part of the immune system that attacks pathogens in the body

18
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell and how is it adapted to carry out this function?

A

They contain haemoglobin which carries oxygen, it has a biconcave shape meaning it has a larger surface area. This means it is easier for oxygen to diffuse in and out of the cell, the cell has no nucleus meaning it has room for more haemoglobin so it can carry more oxygen

19
Q

What is a vein’s function and how are veins adapted for their function?

A

Veins carry blood towards the heart, they have a large space in the middle of them for blood to flow through, they have thinner walls than arteries because the blood that they carry has lower pressure than what the arteries carry, they have valves to stop blood flowing the wrong way

20
Q

How are capillaries adapted for exchange?

A

One blood cell wide, wall only one cell thick to maximise the rate of diffusion

21
Q

What is the function of an artery?

A

To carry blood away from the heart, they have thicker walls than other blood vessels because the blood they carry is of a higher pressure than the blood that veins carry

22
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of larger cells, they have no nucleus, their function is to make blood clot when a blood vessel is damaged to prevent pathogens getting into the blood

23
Q

Describe the process of the heart pumping blood around the body

A
  • The vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart, this blood enters the heart at the right atrium
  • The blood then flows to the right ventricle and then the blood leaves the heart through the pulmonary artery where it’s carried to the lungs
  • The pulmonary vein then brings oxygenated blood back to the heart from the lungs, the blood enters the heart at the left atrium
  • The oxygenated blood then flows to the left ventricle and then the blood leaves the heart through the aorta where it’s carried to the muscles
24
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water

25
Q

What do animals use energy made from respiration for?

A
  • Metabolic processes to build larger molecules form smaller ones, for example, to make proteins from amino acids
  • To enable muscle contraction
  • To maintain steady body temperature in colder surroundings
26
Q

What do plants use energy from respiration for?

A

To build larger molecules from smaller ones, for example, sugars into amino acids

27
Q

Is aerobic respiration an exothermic or endothermic reaction?

A

Exorthermic

28
Q

Is more energy released in aerobic or anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic, glucose isn’t completely broken down in anaerobic respiration

29
Q

Why is extra oxygen required after anaerobic respiration?

A

Lactic acid has to be oxidised into carbon dioxide and water

30
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

When there is not enough oxygen or anaerobic respiration is not possible

31
Q

In plants and fungal cells what is released as a product of anaerobic respiration?

A

Ethanol

32
Q

What are the advantages of anaerobic respiration?

A
  • It allows respiration to occur when the heart and lungs cannot deliver oxygen and glucose quick enough for aerobic respiration
  • Respiration can occur in organisms that have no, or a very limited, oxygen supply
33
Q

What are the disadvantages of anaerobic respiration?

A
  • Much less energy is released per molecule of glucose than in aerobic respiration
  • Lactic acid is not removed from the body, it has to be broken down after exercise
34
Q

Does aerobic respiration occur in the mitochondria?

A

Yes mostly, anaerobic doesn’t though

35
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

Biology GCSE (11 decks)

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