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Biology GCSE > Health and Disease > Flashcards

Health and Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health?

A

A state of mental, physical and social well-being

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2
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

A disease that can be passed on from one person to another

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3
Q

What is a non-communicable disease?

A

A disease that can’t be passed on from one person to another

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4
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

An organism that causes an infectious disease

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5
Q

What are the different types of pathogen?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Protists
  • Fungi
  • Viruses
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6
Q

What type of pathogen causes cholera, what are the symptoms and how is it spread?

A

Cholera is caused by bacteria, the symptoms are watery, pale coloured diarrhoea often in large amounts, cholera is spread when people intake food or water containing the cholera bacterium

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7
Q

What type of pathogen causes malaria, what are the symptoms and how is it spread?

A

Malaria is caused by protists, the symptoms are fever, weakness, chills and sweating, it is spread via an animal vector

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8
Q

What type of pathogen causes HIV, what are the symptoms and how is it spread?

A

HIV is caused by a virus, the symptoms are flu-like symptoms when first infected, eventually repeated infections of other disease (often no symptoms are shown for a long time, it is spread by bodily fluids

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9
Q

What type of pathogen causes TB, what are the symptoms and how is it spread?

A

TB is caused by bacteria, the symptoms are lung damage, weight loss, fever, sweats, it’s spread by airborne mucus

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10
Q

What type of pathogen causes ebola, what are the symptoms and how is it spread?

A

Ebola is caused by a virus, the symptoms are internal bleeding and fever, headaches, muscle pain, vomiting and diarrhoea, it is spread by bodily fluids

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11
Q

What causes stomach ulcers and what are the symptoms?

A

Caused by bacteria, the symptoms are inflammation in the stomach and bleeding in the stomach

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12
Q

What causes ash die-back and what are the symptoms?

A

Caused by a fungus, the symptoms are leaf loss, bark damage and dieback on top of the tree

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13
Q

Describe the stages of a virus’ lifecycle (lytic cycle)

A
  • Virus attaches to host cell
  • Virus injects its DNA or RNA into the cell
  • Virus RNA or DNA copies itself and causes new virus proteins to be made, using the organelles in the host cell
  • The DNA or RNA and the virus proteins are packaged together to make new viruses, these are released from the cell, destroying the cell in the process
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14
Q

Describe the stages of a virus’ lifecycle (lysogenic cycle)

A
  • Virus attaches to host cell
  • Virus injects its DNA or RNA into the chromosomes of the host cell
  • It is now called a provirus
  • The provirus replicates with the rest of the host cell DNA every time the host cell divides
  • The provirus can stay dormant for a long time like this
  • At some stage the provirus will become active and make new viruses that are released from cells, destroying the cell in the in the process (this stage is the same as in the lytic cycle)
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15
Q

What are the common methods of STI transmission?

A
  • Unprotected sex
  • Sharing needles
  • Transmission from mother to foetus
  • Infection from blood products
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16
Q

How can STIs be prevented?

A
  • Condoms
  • Sterile needles
  • Screening tests on people and blood transfusions
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17
Q

What do physical barriers do against pathogens?

A

Make it hard for pathogens to enter the body

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18
Q

What do chemical defences do against pathogens?

A

Kill or make pathogens inactive

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19
Q

What are some examples of chemical defences?

A
  • Lysozyme enzyme found in tears saliva and mucus, digests bacteria cell walls
  • HCl found in stomach kills pathogens in food and drink
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20
Q

What are some examples of physical barriers?

A
  • Unbroken skin is too thick for most pathogens to get through
  • Sticky mucus in the breathing passages and lungs traps pathogens and cilia moves trapped mucus and pathogens out of the lungs towards the back of the throat where it’s swallowed
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21
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

A type of WBC used to help protect the body against pathogens

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22
Q

How does the immune system work?

A
  • Each pathogen has unique antigens on its surface
  • A lymphocyte with the antibody that is specific to that antigen is activated
  • The lymphocyte divides many times to produce more identical lymphocytes
  • Some of the lymphocytes produce lots of antibodies which stick to the pathogen and destroy it
  • Other lymphocytes stay in the blood as memory lymphocytes, they’re ready to respond immediately if the same pathogen returns
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23
Q

Are antibodies able to combat multiple antigens?

A

No, each different antibody is specific to only one antigen

24
Q

Why can’t you be infected by the same pathogen twice?

A

When you become infected by a pathogen the immune system produces lymphocytes that produce antibodies that are specific to a particular antigen. Some of the lymphocytes that are produced stay in the blood as memory lymphocytes ready to respond immediately if the pathogen returns. This means the disease is killed before symptoms are shown and it becomes serious

25
Q

How do vaccines work?

A

A vaccine is injected which contains antigens from the pathogens often in a dead or weakened form, the person’s lymphocytes produce antibodies against the pathogen and also produce memory lymphocytes. If the person is infected with the actual pathogen the memory lymphocytes will give a very rapid response so the person is very unlikely to become ill

26
Q

What are the advantages of immunisation?

A
  • Immunity is produced without the person becoming ill
  • Immunity lasts a long time, often for life
  • If a lot of people are immune to the disease then the few people who are unvaccinated are less likely to catch the disease (herd immunity)
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of immunisation?

A
  • Some people get a mild reaction of soreness or swelling, or a mild form of the disease
  • Very rarely a person has a major harmful reaction
28
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Medicines that kill bacteria inside the body

29
Q

Can antibiotics kill any type of bacteria?

A

No, each antibiotic is specific to a certain bacteria

30
Q

Why are antibiotics becoming less effective?

A

Because bacteria are becoming resistant to them due to variation

31
Q

Give some examples of aseptic techniques

A
  • Sterilising dishes and culture media
  • Sterilising inoculating loops
  • Sealing petri dishes
32
Q

What are medicines?

A

Chemicals to treat the cause or signs of an illness

33
Q

How do new medicines become available for prescription?

A
  • First new medicines have to be discovered, for example by screening organisms to see if they produce antibiotics to kill bacteria
  • The medicine then has to be tested in the lab, it is usually tested on cultures of cells, cultures of tissues and then animals
  • Then the medicine is tested on a healthy volunteer, they are given a very small dose of the drug to check that it’s not harmful
  • Finally the medicine is tested on someone who has the disease the medicine is developed for, it is tested to see whether it works and to find the optimum dose
34
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

A

Two cells are fused together to form a hybridoma cell, the hybridoma cell divides and produces many antibodies that are identical, these are called monoclonal antibodies

35
Q

What are the uses of monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • In pregnancy tests to identify if the pregnancy hormone is present in urine
  • In diagnosis of disease, monoclonal antibodies can stick to blood clots or cancer cells so they can be detected
  • In treatment of diseases, monoclonal antibodies can target specific cells so you can attach a drug to it so it is delivered directly to the cells
36
Q

What are the factors that affect non-communicable diseases?

A
  • Genes
  • Age
  • Lifestyle
  • Environmental
  • Gender
37
Q

How is smoking harmful?

A
  • It contains carbon monoxide which binds to haemoglobin meaning less oxygen can be carried by the blood
  • Chemicals in the tar that is in cigarettes cause cancers particularly of the mouth and lungs
  • Other substances in cigarettes can cause blood vessels to narrow which increases blood pressure so the risk of cardiovascular diseases increases
38
Q

If you have a BMI of 30 or above what are you considered to be?

A

Obese

39
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A

Weight (Kg) / height^2 (m)

40
Q

What is another way of calculating BMI?

A

Waist measurement / hip measurement

41
Q

What can consuming too little of a nutrient lead to?

A

Deficiency diseases

42
Q

Why is alcohol harmful?

A

It contains ethanol which is poisonous to cells, it passes through the liver first to be broken down so liver cells are most likely to be damaged. This is why excessive drinkers have liver problems

43
Q

How can cardiovascular diseases be treated by changing lifestyle factors?

A
  • Giving up smoking and drinking
  • Do more exercise
  • Eat more healthily
  • Lose weight
44
Q

What are the advantages of taking medication for cardiovascular diseases?

A
  • Start working instantly
  • Easier to use
  • Cheaper and less risks than surgery
45
Q

What are the disadvantages of taking medication for cardiovascular diseases?

A
  • Have to be taken long term and can have side effects

- May not work well with other medication the person is taking

46
Q

What are the advantages of treating cardiovascular diseases by changing lifestyle factors?

A
  • No side effects
  • May reduce chances of getting other health conditions
  • Cheapest option
47
Q

What is the main disadvantage of treating cardiovascular diseases by changing lifestyle factors?

A
  • It may take time to work or might not work effectively
48
Q

What is the advantage of having surgery to treat cardiovascular disease?

A

It is usually a long term solution

49
Q

What are the disadvantages of having surgery to treat a cardiovascular disease?

A
  • It’s expensive
  • More difficult to do than taking medication
  • There is a risk of infection or the person not recovering after the surgery
50
Q

What physical barriers do plants have?

A

Bark and thick waxy cuticles

51
Q

What chemical defences to plants have?

A
  • They have poisons in their cells to deter pests that try to eat them
  • They produce chemicals that kill pathogens
52
Q

What could suggest that a plant has a disease?

A
  • Change in normal appearance of the plant
  • Overgrowth of plant
  • Under-development of a part of a plant
  • Death of parts of the plant
53
Q

If all the plants in an area have a disease would this be due to an environmental factor or because the plants have caught the disease of each other?

A

Most likely an environmental factor such as a soil pH change

54
Q

If only one species of plant in an area is affected what could this suggest about the pathogen?

A

It is species specific

55
Q

How are diseases identified in a lab?

A
  • Microscopic examination
  • Examination of antibodies to test for a pathogen
  • Soil sample testing to rule out environmental factors
  • Trying to grow pathogens on a nutrient medium to produce a larger sample for examination

Biology GCSE (11 decks)

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