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Human Phiology Y4 > Practicals > Flashcards

Practicals Flashcards

1
Q

What does the P wave signify?

A

Atrial depolarization

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2
Q

What does the PR interval signifiy?

A

AV nodal delay

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3
Q

What does the QRS complex signify?

A

Ventricular depolarization

(simultaneous atria repolarization)

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4
Q

What does the ST segment signify?

A

Ventricles contracting and emptying

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5
Q

What does the T wave signify?

A

Ventricular repolarization

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6
Q

What does the QT interval signify?

A

Ventricular depolarization and repolarization

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7
Q

What does the TP interval signify?

A

Ventricle relaxing and filling

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8
Q

How to calculate HR from ECG tracing?

A

100 / number of big squares in an RR interval

Each small square = 0.04sec

60 / (0.04seconds * small squares) = bpm

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9
Q

Describe the BIPOLAR limb leads degrees and ECG signals

A

Lead I = left to right arm (0)
Lead II = left arm to ankle (60)
Lead III = right arm to ankle (120)

All positive deflections
Lead II has the largest positive spike

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10
Q

Describe the UNIPOLAR limb leads degrees and ECG signals ***

A

aVL = BIPHASIC or ISOMETRIC line 30
aVF = Positive 90
aVR = Negative 150

The reference point is the heart
So think about the direction depolarization occurs

Right foot is grounding electrode = doesn’t measure anything

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11
Q

What is the normal range of QRS axis?

A

-30 to +90 degrees

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12
Q

What can QRS axis deviation diagnose?

A

Right Axis Deviation (RAD) occurs when the QRS axis is more than +90° or toward the right side of the heart. This deviation can be seen in conditions where the right side of the heart is working harder, causing it to become enlarged or overactive.

Left Axis Deviation (LAD) happens when the QRS axis shifts to less than -30°. This indicates that the electrical activity is moving more toward the left side of the heart.
LAD suggests that the left ventricle is under strain or there is a blockage in the conduction system, changing the direction of electrical impulses

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13
Q

What are causes of right axis deviation?

A

RV hypertrophy
Chronic lung disease
Pulmonary embolism (blockage)

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14
Q

What are causes of left axis deviation?

A

LV hypertrophy
Conduction abnormalities
Inferior myocardial infarction

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15
Q

What two leads express a QRS that is 0 degrees and +90 degrees?

A

Lead I = 0 degrees (moving RIGHT)

aVF = +90 degrees (moving DOWN)

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16
Q

What heart conditions can we see in ECG?

A

Atrial Premature Beat
Tachycardia
Ventricualr fibrilliaton
Myocardial infarction (STEMI)

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17
Q

Where is V1 chest lead placed?

A

4th intercostal space on the right side of the sternum

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18
Q

Where is V2 chest lead placed?

A

4th intercostal space on the left side of sternum

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19
Q

Where is V3 chest lead placed?

A

Between V2 & V4

20
Q

Where is V4 chest lead placed?

A

Mid-clavicular 5th intercostal space

21
Q

Where is V5 chest lead placed?

A

Anterior axillary 5th intercostal space

22
Q

Where is V6 chest lead placed?

A

Mid-axillary 5th intercostal space

23
Q

To measure blood pressure, what arteries do we look at?

A

Brachial artery
Radial artery

24
Q

What sounds are we listening for?

A

Korotkoff sounds

25
Q

When will and won’t we hear Korotkoff sounds?

A

When artery is fully compressed and there is no blood flow = no sound

Compressed artery to increase velocity of blood = creates vibrations heard as Korotkoff sounds

Flow is uncompressed = no sound

26
Q

So when do we take note of blodo pressure?

A

When you first hear Korotkoff sounds = systolic bp

When Kototkoff sounds stop = diasolic bp

27
Q

How do we estimate systolic pressure?

A

Inflate cuff until radial pulse disappears

28
Q

How do we measure blood pressure manually?

A

Place stethoscope over brachial artery

Inflate cuff to 10-20 mmHg above ESTIMATED systolic bp

Slowly deflate cuff

Listen for Krortkoff sound = systolic bp

Listen until sound disappears = diastolic bp

29
Q

What happens to bp when we stand from lying down?

A
30
Q

What is direct calorimetry?

A

Measuring energy expenditure by capturing heat produced by the body in calories

31
Q

What is heat?

A

Byproduct of metabolic processes

60% of energy from glucose/fat metabolism

32
Q

What is indirect calorimetry?

A

Estimates energy expenditure by measuring RER

RER = respiratory exchange ratio

33
Q

What does RER stand for?

A

respiratory exchange ratio

34
Q

How is RER measured?

A

Volume of O2 consumed (VO2)

Volume of CO2 produced (VCO2)

35
Q

What are some application of indirect calorimetry?

A

Estimate energy expenditure

Evaluate substrate utilization

Assess aerobic fitness

Clinical applications

36
Q

How are VO2 and VCO2 measured?
What is the equation?

A

VO2 = (fraction of inspired O2 x INSPIRED volume) - (fraction of expired oxygen x EXPIRED volume)

Same for VCO2

37
Q

How is fraction of INSPIRED O2 measured?

A

20.93% ~ 21% at sea level

38
Q

How is fraction of EXPIRED O2/CO2 measured?

A

Measured by gas analyzer

39
Q

How is inspired volume of O2/CO2 measured?

A

Assumed equal to EXPIRED air

40
Q

How is expired volume of O2/CO2 measured?

A

Measure by flow meter

41
Q

Describe the different substrates

A

Fatty acids = almost unlimited but slower source of energy

Carbohydrate = relatively limited by more efficient source of energy

42
Q

What happens to substrate utilization as exercise intensity increases and why?

A

Swaps from using fats more to using carbohydrates more

Carbs = more EFFICIENT source of energy
5.05 kcal/L of oxygen

43
Q

How to calculate RER and what it tells us

A

VCO2 / O2

If RER is nearer 0.7 = fatty acids
If RER is nearer 1 = carbohydrates

44
Q

How do we calculate energy expenditure per min?

A

Energy correlated to RER x VCO2 = how many kcal expended in 1minute

45
Q

Why do we need to calibrate the indirect calorimetry tools?

A

Because need to correlate it to SEA LEVEL and TEMPERATURE in the room

Human Phiology Y4 (11 decks)

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