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Human Phiology Y4 > CVS and Respiration Physiology > Flashcards

CVS and Respiration Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What 4 physiological changes happen when you exercise?

A

Increased HR
Increased respiratory rate
Sweating
Feeling warm

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2
Q

Why do these physiological changes come about when you exercise?

A

Increased muscle metabolism leads to

Increased oxygen consumption and CO2 production
Increased substrate consumption & by-prouct generation
Increased thermogenesis = sweating and skin vasodilation

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3
Q

What factors change the source of ATP production?

A

Duration and intensity of exercise

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4
Q

What is the phosphagen system, and when is it used?

A

ATP generation from creatine phosphate

Used in anaerobic, short-high intensity exercises

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5
Q

What is anaerobic glycolysis, and when is it used?

A

Lactate generation to make ATP

Used in moderate-high intensity exercise

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6
Q

What is aerobic respiration, and when is it used?

A

Glucose and fats are converted to ATP

Used in low-moderate intensity exercise

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7
Q

What is the timing of ATP sources switching during exercise?

A

Immediately after starting exercise = creatine phosphate
Under 2 mins = anaerobic glycolysis peaks and does NOT reach 0 again
After 2 mins = aerobic metabolism slowly increases

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8
Q

What exercise is the most suitable for fat burning?

A

Exercising for over 30 minutes, not too high intensity

Glycogen acts as source of glucose for around 20-30mins
Once glycogen stores are depleted = fatty acids become the substrate for aerobic metabolism

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9
Q

When we exercise, what happens to cardiac output?

A

Sympathetic activity and epinephrine increases:

Acts on SA to increase HR
Increases cardiac contractility = increase SV

Increases peripheral vasoconstriction = increased VR
( positive feedback leading to increased SV )

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10
Q

What is our resting cardiac output vs eexercise?

A

5 L/min resting
20-40 L/min exercise (sedentary vs trained)

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11
Q

What happens to SV in response to exercise?

A

SV increases with exercise intensity

SV plateaus at 40-60% of cardiac output MAX

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12
Q

Why does SV plateau?

A

Because the heart is at its MAX contractility

So any increase in cardiac output is due to increased HR

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13
Q

Why does ESV decrease during exercise?

A

ESV decreases because of increased contractility = less blood left in the heart

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14
Q

Why does EDV increase during exercise?

A

Muscles pump
Respiratory pumps
Redistribution of blood

All increasing venous return, causing an increase in blood present at rest

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15
Q

What is the difference in SV at rest vs during UPRIGHT exercise, and why?

A

SV max during upright exercise = 2X SV at rest

This is due to an increase in EDV and decrease in ESV
SV = EDV - ESV

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16
Q

In supine exercise, will the SV be greater or lower than upright exercise?

A

When lying down = CO increases because NO gravity pulling blood down

So increased venous return, causing increased EDV = increased SV

SV in supine exercise is LARGER than upright

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17
Q

Are the SV max the same in supine and upright exercise?

A

Yes, they are the same because during max exercise SV reaches a plateau

This is because the heart has reached max contractile capacity

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18
Q

What is the HR response to exercise?

A

HR rises linearly = increases with exercise intensity then plateaus

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19
Q

What are the two equations for %HRmax calcualtions?

A

220 - age bpm

208 - (0.7 x age) bpm

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20
Q

Will HR stay the same when you exercise at FIXED intensity for a long period?

A

NO, because of cardiovascular drift

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21
Q

What is cardiovascular drift?

A

HR gradually increasing despite exercising at FIXED intensity

22
Q

Why does cardiovascular drift occur?

A

Because of increased heat generation = body initiates mechanisms to maintain constant temp

Sweating (sudomotor response) = reduces body fluid volume (blood volume) = reduce EDV = reduced SV

Skin vasodilatation to dissipate heat (vasomotor response) = reduced EDV = reduced SV

Reduced SV means HR must increase to maintain cardiac output

23
Q

If you eat a full meal before running, what will happen?

A

Feel discomfort due to blood flow redistribution to muscles

24
Q

What happens to blood vessels supplying muscle during exercise?

A

During exercise = skeletal muscle cell rapidly use oxygen

Reduced muscle O2 conc = vasoactive compounds locally released by endothelium

Act on smooth muscle of blood vessels = relax and dilate

Increase blood supply

25
Q

How does the cardiovascular system respond to FIXED intensity exercise for a prolonged period?

A

CO increases then plateaus through the exercise

SV increases then drops due to sweating and vasodilation leading to reduced EDV and thus reduced SV
Reduced plasma volume because of sweating

HR increases to compensate for drop in SV and maintain CO at constant value (cardiovascular drift)

26
Q

How does the cardiovascular system respond to INCREASING exercise intensity until exhaustion?

A

SV increases until about 40-60% of CO then plateaus (may drop a bit in untrained)
SV and PV will vary depending on training

CO increases until certain level then plateaus

HR increases proportionally to maintain CO
HR doesn’t plateau until reaching max CO (SV will plateau before that)
So when HR hits max, CO also hits max

27
Q

What is the equation for ventilation?

A

Tidal volume x frequency

28
Q

What factors stimulate central and peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

Elevated CO2 due to increased tissue respiration

Increased H+ during exercise (particularly heavy exercise)

29
Q

Why does H+ increase during exercise?

A

Because of elevated CO2 ad lactic acid accumulation

30
Q

What parts of respiration increase ventilation during exercise?

A

Increases in tidal volume and increased frequency of breathing (respiratory rate = RR)

31
Q

How does ventilation change just before exercise?

A

Increase can begin before exercise starts because of psychological factors & signals from muscles and joints

Ventilation increases in proportion to metabolic needs

Rapid increase in ventilation and tidal volume

32
Q

How does ventilation change during exercise?

A

Metabolic needs vs respiratory functions are in balance

Oxygen supply and CO2 removal stabilized

33
Q

How does ventilation change when we stop exercising?

A

There is a lag before ventilation returns to resting rate

This is due to excess post exercise O2 consumption (EPOC)

34
Q

What is Excess Post-Exercise O2 Consumption (EPOC) needed for?***

A

Phosphocreatine restoration

Lactate removal

Support ventilatory muscles

35
Q

What does VO2 measure?

A

Volume of oxygen that the body uses per minute

Indicator of aerobic capacity

36
Q

What is the units of VO2?

A

mL/kg/min

37
Q

What does the Fick equation tell us and what is the equation?

A

VO2 = cardiac output x (arterioles - venous) oxygen conc difference

38
Q

What is VO2 max?

A

The maximum rate at which an individual can take in and use oxygen during maximal exercise

39
Q

What does having a higher VO2 max indicate?

A

Increased oxygen utilization = greater endurance potential

40
Q

What factors affect VO2 max?

A

Genetics
Age
Training
Altitude

41
Q

What factors influence the Fick Equation (VO2 max)?

A

Cardiac Output = oxygen delivery by CVS
HR, SV (EDV-ESV)
Heart size & contractility
Blood volume & composition

Arterial - venous oxygen = oxygen utilization
Muscle vascularization
Mitochondria density
OXPHOS enzymes
Muscle type
Metabolic enzymes

42
Q

What does training improve?

A

Exercise performance and capacity to resist fatigue
Efficiency of energy utilization

43
Q

How does training affect SV?

A

Increased cardiac efficiency

Increased plasma volume, LV compliance, ejection fraction, peak diastolic filling

Decrease cardiac afterload

44
Q

How does training affect arterial oxygen conc?

A

Increased pulmonary function

Increased ventilatory efficiency, lung diffusion capacity & ventilation/perfusion matching

Decreased respiratory fatigue and decreased dead space (due to increased V-P matching

45
Q

How does training affect venous oxygen conc?

A

Muscle adaptation, lowering oxygen conc in venous blood (increases VO2 max)

Increased mitochondrial content, oxygen utilization T1 fibres & time for lactate production

Decreased time for oxygen extraction

46
Q

How can dead space be decreased?

A

By increasing ventilation-perfusion matching

47
Q

How does the blood adapt to training?

A

INCREASED BLOOD VOLUME

Increase in both plasma and RBC volume = but more increase in plasma

Leads to decreased hematocrit and blood viscosity

48
Q

What causes the increase in plasma volume post-training?

A

Increased albumin synthesis = increased oncotic pressure

Thus, increased plasma volume = increased blood volume

49
Q

What happens to the heart in endurance athletes?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

50
Q
A

Human Phiology Y4 (7 decks)

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