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Human Phiology Y4 > Blood System(1) > Flashcards

Blood System(1) Flashcards

1
Q

What does blood transport around the body?

A

Nutrients, gases, hormones & cells

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2
Q

What is the type of transport blood performs called?

A

Mass transport - vehicle of long distance

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3
Q

What does blood maintain?

A

Homeostasis of osmotic pressure, temperature & pH

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4
Q

What are some of the system’s blood is part of?

A

Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Immune
Etc

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5
Q

3 main functions of blood

A

Protection
Regulation
Transportation

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6
Q

What does blood protect?

A

Protects against blood loss and infections by clotting and immune system

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7
Q

Define hematocrit

A

Packed cell volume of blood - the rest is plasma

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8
Q

What are the hematocrits for women and men?

A

Women 42%
Men 45%

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9
Q

What % of total body weight is blood?

A

8%

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10
Q

What is the buffy coat and what % of blood is it?

A

Platelets and leukocytes = less than 1% of blood

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11
Q

What is 55-58% of blood?

A

Plama

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12
Q

Where is blood taken from?

A

Veins

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13
Q

What is serum?

A

Liquid from coagulated blood

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14
Q

What treatments are important for people with leukemia & dengue?

A

Platelets important for coagulation

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15
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A

90% water that have dissolved substances
6% plasma proteins

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16
Q

What is dissolved in plasma?

A

Inorganic solutes
Organic constituents = mostly plasma proteins
Other organic substances = water products, dissolved gases & hormones

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17
Q

Name 3 plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Globulin
Fribrinogen

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18
Q

What is the role of plasma proteins?

A

Carry out the functions of plasma

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19
Q

What is the role of albumin?

A

Carrier of lipid soluble substances
Maintain osmotic pressure = when increased vascular permeability, albumin comes out and water comes out

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20
Q

What is the role of globulins?

A

Alpha & beta = transport water insoluble substances incl clotting factors
Gamma = antibodies

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21
Q

What is the role of fibrinogen?

A

Inactive precursor of fibrin

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22
Q

Where do platelets come from?

A

Megakaryocytes are a special type of bone marrow cells that give rise to thrombocytes (platelets)

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23
Q

Name polymorphonuclear cells

A

Neutrophils & eosinophils

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24
Q

Name mononuclear cells

A

Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Basophils

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25
Q

What are the RBC maturation stages?

A

Pluripotent stem cell
Myeloid stem cell = partially differentiated
Erythroblast = nucleated
Reticulocyte = no nucleus but organelles
Erythrocyte = mature RBC (lots of Hb)

26
Q

Name key erythrocyte enzymes

A

Glycolytic enzyme
Carbonic anhydrase

27
Q

What type of enzymes remain in a mature erythrocyte?

A

Non-renewable enzymes

28
Q

What features does a erythrocyte have?

A

Flat shape = large SA for diffusion
Flexible membrane = squeeze through capillaries
Haemaglobin content suited for O2 transport

29
Q

Describe haemaglobin structure

A

Haem group = pigment
Globin group = 4 polypeptide chains (2α2β)
Each globin chain bids 1 haem group
Each haem group has iron, which binds O2

30
Q

Describe the binding of oxygen to iron

A

Binding is loose and reversible = depends on the partial pressure of oxygen
Change in pH can shift the binding affinity of oxygen to haem

31
Q

What happens when blood pO2 increases?

A

More HbO2

When blood pO2 decreases = O2 released from HbO2

32
Q

When does Hb pick up CO2?

A

When partial pressure of CO2 increases in systemic tissues

33
Q

What is it called when CO2 binds Hb?

A

Carbamino Hb

34
Q

Where is CO2 binding site on haemaglobin?

A

Different binding site to oxygen
Instead binds to globin not iron

35
Q

What form is 60% of oxygen transported as?

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

36
Q

Why do RBCs have short life spans?

A

No nucleus so no DNA/RNA = cannot synthesize new proteins or divide

37
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Generation of new RBCs in bone marrow
Erythropoiesis occurs in the bone marrow

38
Q

Where do old RBC die?

A

Spleen (network of capillaries)

39
Q

How does the body know to increase erythropoiesis?

A

Reduced oxygen delivery to kidney stimulates kidney to secrete erythropoietin into the blood.

EPO stimulates erythropoiesis by red bone marrow
More circulating RBCs increase O2-carrying capacity
Increased O2-carrying capacity relieves initial stimulus that triggered EPO secretion

40
Q

What happens when there is hemmorhage or blood loss?

A

Reticulocyte levels increase = peaks at 4-7 days after 1st episode of blood loss

41
Q

How long after blood loss do reticulocyte levels become normal?

A

2 weeks

42
Q

What happens if there is a second blood loss episode within 5 days?

A

Reticulocytes remain high

43
Q

What is the normal level of reticulocytes?

A

0.5% - 2.5%

44
Q

What is EPOGEN and its functions?

A

Epogen = recombinant EPO (synthetic)

Used to boost RBC production in patients with suppressed eythropoietic activity

45
Q

Examples of when to use Epogen

A

Surgery
Chemotherapy for leukemias which affect RBC production and function
Dialysis patients
Doping

46
Q

What breaksdown Hb?

A

Aged and damaged RBCs are engulfed by macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow

Hb broken down into Heme and Globin

47
Q

What happens to globin when it is broken down?

A

Globin protein is broken down into amino acids, which are taken up into the blood

48
Q

What happens to heme when it is broken down?

A

Iron is stored as ferritin, bound to transferritin & released from liver into the blood for erythropoisis

Billirubin is taken up from blood by liver, secreted into intestine in bile & metabolized into stercobilin by bacteria > excreted by feces

49
Q

Where do food nutrients needed for erythropoiesis go?

A

They are taken up into the blood from intestine
Examples: iron, Vit B12, protein & folic acid

50
Q

Why do babies get jaundice?

A

Their liver is not developed enough to remove the bilirubin from the blood

51
Q

Define anemia

A

Reduction below normal capacity of blood to carry oxygen

Due to reduction of RBC and/or reduction of Hb function

52
Q

Anemia symptoms?

A

Blood oxygen levels cannot support normal metabolism leading to:

Fatigue = not enough O2 to tissues
Paleness
Shortness of breath = low O2
Chills

53
Q

What is the opposite of anemia called?

A

Polycythemia = too many RBCs & elevated hematocrit

54
Q

What causes primary polycythemia?

A

Vera (genetic) causes bone marrow to produce more precursor blood cells leading to increased RBC production (myeloproliferative cancer)

55
Q

What causes secondary polycythemia?

A

High altitude = low O2
Obstructive sleep apnea = low O2 causing more EPO
Other heart/lung diseases which cause low O2

56
Q

What happens to hematocrit in dehydration?

A

Lower plasma levels so hematocrit is a higher percentage

57
Q

Describe thin vs thick blood

A

Anemia has less RBCs so less viscous = less platelets so more bruising
Polycythemia has more RBCs so higher blood pressure and more blood clots = more viscous

58
Q

What are the groups of leukoctyes?

A

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
Mononuclear agranulocytes

59
Q

Roles of the lymphocytes

A

Neurtorphils = engulf and destory bacterial intracellularly
Eosinophils = associated with allergic conditions & parasite infection
Basophils = synthesize & store histamine and heparin
Monocytes = phagocytosis
Lymphocytes provide specific immune defense

60
Q

What controls rate of granulocyte production?

A

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factors stimulates increased replication & release of granulocytes - esp neutrophils from bone marrow

Leukocytes are produced at varying rates depending on the body’s changing needs

Human Phiology Y4 (7 decks)

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