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Human Phiology Y4 > 3 Respiratory > Flashcards

3 Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath, AT REST

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2
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume? (IRV)

A

The maximum amount of air a person can inhale after taking a normal breath.

It represents the extra capacity of the lungs for deep inhalation beyond the typical tidal volume,

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3
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after completing a normal exhalation.

It represents the additional air that can be forcefully expelled from the lungs

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4
Q

What is the inspiratory capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air a person can inhale after a normal exhalation.

It is the sum of tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
TV + IRV = IC

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5
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air a person can exhale after taking a deep breath in.

It is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.

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6
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation.

It is the sum of expiratory reserve volume and residual volume
ERV + RV = FRC

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7
Q

What is the residual volume

A

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forceful exhalation.

It prevents lung collapse by maintaining air pressure within the lungs. This volume cannot be exhaled and is important for evaluating lung health and function in respiratory tests.

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8
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

The maximum amount of air the lungs can hold. It is the sum of all lung volumes: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume.
TLC provides a comprehensive measure of lung size

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9
Q

Why, under moderate sedation, do children have a higher risk of becoming hypoxic?

A

Slower breathing rate = pO2 may drop and pCO2 may increase
Ventilation may be less

Children have smaller residual volumes than adults and a faster metabolic rate
So they use up oxygen more quickly, leading to hypoxia

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10
Q

What is the main difference between men and women’s ventilation volumes?

A

Main different is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) = meaning they have a naturally larger lung capacity

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11
Q

How does tidal volume change depending on the activity?

A

During exercise, tidal volume recruits other lung volumes = IRV & ERV

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12
Q

Name 2 other factors affecting ventilation

A

Airway resistance
Lung compliance

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13
Q

What causes an increase in airway resistance?

A

Decrease in airway diameter

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14
Q

What happens when airway resistance increases?

A

Decreased airflow to lungs

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15
Q

What is the relationship between airflow and airway resistance?

A

Inversely correlated

When airway resistance is high = low air flow
When airway resistance is low = high air flow

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16
Q

What are some things that cause an increase in airway resistance?

A

Airway constriction (asthma)
External compression
Obstruction = mucus

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17
Q

Describe what happens to airways when there is an allergic reaction

A

Release of histamine occurs
Causes smooth muscle contraction of airway walls
Constriction of bronchioles
Increases resistance, decreasing airflow to restrict breathing

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18
Q

What is released to decrease airway resistance?

A

EPINEPHRINE released by adrenal medulla
Causes smooth muscle of airways to relax

This dilates bronchioles = reducing resistance
Increase to airflow = promotes gas exchange

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19
Q

Define lung compliance

A

Lung compliance refers to the ability of the lungs to expand and stretch when air is inhaled.

High compliance means the lungs can expand easily, while low compliance means they are stiff and harder to expand.

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20
Q

What factors does lung compliance depend on?

A

Extent elastic fibres can stretch
Surface tension within the alveoli
Mobility of thoracic cage

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21
Q

What affect do surfactants have on surface tension within alveolus?

A

Prevent alveoli collapsing
Thus, promoting lung expansion + increasing lung compliance

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22
Q

What can affect the mobility of the thoracic cage?

A

Arthritis

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23
Q

What does change in lung volume affect?

A

Change in airway pressure

24
Q

What is the equation for respiratory minute ventilation?

A

Volume of air moved per minute = breaths/min x tidal volume

25
Q

What is the equation for alveolar ventilation?

A

Alveolar ventilation = breaths/min x (tidal volume - dead space)

26
Q

What is the difference between respiratory minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation?

A

Same equation but alveolar ventilation takes into account DEAD SPACE

27
Q

What can cause changes in tidal volume and dead space?

A

Disease

If some part of alveoli cannot participate in gas exchange because of disease = they become dead space

If there is poor lung compliance = tidal volume decreases (because airway resistance increases)

28
Q

Define dead space and give examples

A

Dead space does not participate in gas exchange

Bronchioles & trachae

It includes anatomical dead space (airways) and physiological dead space (areas with poor or no blood flow). Increased dead space reduces the efficiency of breathing.

29
Q

What compensates for changes in dead space and tidal volume?

A

Breathing rate (breaths/min)

As per the equations of minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation

Except for when under influence of sedatives, alcohol, etc

30
Q

Why is ventilation-perfusion coupling important?

A

Only occurs in lungs, pulmonary capillaries

If ventilation is high, but perfusion is low, or vice versa, gas exchange becomes inefficient.

This process optimizes oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal.

31
Q

What two factors are regulated to control ventilation-perfusion coupling?

A

Airway diameter (bronchioles)
Pulmonary arterioles

32
Q

What mechanism regulates bronchiole diameters in ventilation-perfusion coupling?

A

In regions with high airflow compared to local blood supply = decreased pCO2
Bronchioles constrict = reducing airflow so it’s proportional to blood flow

In regions with restricted airflow: increased pCO2 = bronchioles dilate
Increase in airflow enhances CO2 elimination from ALVEOLI, preventing build-up

33
Q

What mechanism regulates pulmonary arterioles in ventilation-perfusion coupling?

A

In regions with high airflow compared to blood supply: increased pO2, causing local arterioles to dilate
More blood is made available for O2 to be picked up

In regions with restricted airflow: low pO2, causes pulmonary arterioles to constrict
Blood is re-channeled to alveoli w higher airflow and pO2, allowing more available O2 to be picked up

34
Q

What part of brain controls ventilation?

A

Respiratory centres located within brainstems

35
Q

Name the inspiratory neurones

A

Dorsal respiratory group

36
Q

What is the average breathing rate?

A

12-20 breaths per minute

37
Q

What is the role of the ventral respiratory group?

A

Function only during forced breathing

During normal, quiet breathing (eupnoea), expiration is typically a passive process that occurs as the inspiratory muscles relax, allowing the lungs to recoil. However, during active or forced expiration (such as when exercising or coughing), the VRG is involved in generating the necessary muscle contractions for active exhalation

38
Q

How does ventral respiratory group control breathing?

A

Innervates lower motor neurones controlling accessory respiratory muscles

Increase in dorsal respiratory group (DRG) activity stimulates VRG neurones

39
Q

What signals does the DRG integrate?

A

DRG integrates signals from VRG and pons

40
Q

What is the role of pons in breathing?

A

Pons sends signals to DRG and VRG to modify respiratory rate and allow smooth transition between inspiration and expiration

41
Q

What do central chemoreceptors sense, and what is the outcome?

A

They monitor pH that is dependent on CO2 levels in the brain

Send signals directly to respiratory centers to regulate ventialtion

42
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors located?

A

Medulla

43
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors sense, and what is the outcome?

A

Monitor pO2 mainly but also pH and pCO2 in the ARTERIAL BLOOD

Signal to respiratory centre via glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

44
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Carotid bodies and aortic bodies

45
Q

How is CO2 indicative of pH levels?

A

CO2 readily diffuses from blood into brain to combine with water = carbonic acid
Acid dissociates into H+ and HCO3- ions

H+ stimulates central chemoreceptors = sending nerve impulses to respiratory centres

46
Q

How come the H+ is specific to pCO2 and not also affected by metabolic regions?

A

H+ cannot cross the BBB

47
Q

Explain respiratory and metabolic ACIDOSIS

A

Resp system fails to remove CO2 (H+) normally generated by tissues (e.g decreased ventilation)

Tissues generate excess acid or kidneys fail to get rid of acid

48
Q

Explain respiratory and metabolic ALKALOSIS

A

Resp system removes too much CO2(H+)
Maybe because of inappropriately increased ventilation

Body has lost acid or gained excess alkali from other systems

49
Q

What causes depression of respiratory control centres?

A
50
Q

How does voluntary control affect ventilation?

A

Act through cerebral cortex
Consciously control respiratory muscles to regulate breathing patterns

Can be overridden by chemoreceptor input to respiratory centres

51
Q

How do pain and emotions affect ventilation?

A

Act through hypothalamus
Stimulates or inhibits respiratory centres

ANS may also play a role = sympathetic stimulation can cause bronchodilation and increases respiratory rate through anticipation or fear

52
Q

How do pulmonary irritants affect ventilation?

A

May stimulate receptors in the airways = initiate protective reflexes to remve irritants

Example = coughing and sneezing that involves apnea
Forced closing of glottis with full lungs and sudden contraction of internal intercostal and abdominal muscles

53
Q

How does lung hyperinflation affect ventilation?

A

During deep inhalation, stretch receptors send inhibitory signals to inspiratory neurones at DRG
While stimulating expiratory centre of VRG to stop inspiration, begin expiration, and prevent over-stretching of lungs

54
Q

Where are stretch receptors found to stop lung hyperinflation?

A

Visceral pleura
Smooth mucles around bronchioles
Large airways

55
Q

How does deflation reflex affect ventilation?

A

During forced exhalation, receptors in alveolar wall of alveolar capillary network, sense decreasing lung volume

Respond by inhibiting expiratory centres and stimulating inspiratory centres = stop expiration and begin inspiration

56
Q

Is ventilation during exercise, dependent on pO2 and pCO2?

A

No it is often independent

Other factors lead to increase in ventilation during exericse

57
Q

Name 5 factors that lead to increase in ventilation during exercise

A

Anticipatory learned response

Signals from motor cortex

Proprioceptors in muscle and joints

Hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine

Lactic acid

Human Phiology Y4 (7 decks)

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