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practicals Flashcards

1
Q

describe the test for starch

A

-add a few drops of iodine to the substance
-if it contains starch it will change from orange to blue-black

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2
Q

describe the test for lipids

A

-add ethanol to the substance
-leave it for one minute
-it will turn from colourless to cloudy

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3
Q

describe the test for proteins

A

-add copper sulfate solution
-changes from pale blue to purple

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4
Q

what is the test for glucose?

A

-add a few drops of Benedicts solution
-colour change from blue to orange-red

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5
Q

what are the two types of sampling? describe them

A

-non-random sampling - samples are taken at predetermined points
-random sampling - samples are taken at random

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6
Q

what breaks down starch

A

amylase breaks down starch into glucose

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7
Q

what breaks down protein

A

protease breaks down proteins into amino acids

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8
Q

what breaks down fats?

A

lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

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9
Q

describe two ways to take the rate of photosynthesis

A

-count the number of oxygen bubbles
-measure the time taken to produce a fixed amount of gas

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10
Q

how can you identify which bacteria you have in a culture

A

-overall size and shape
-the texture of its edges and surfaces
-elevation above the agar
-transparency and colout

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11
Q

how do you measure the zone of inhibition

A

the area that is clear of any bacterial growth around a point

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12
Q

what is the acronym for mitosis?

A

IPMAT

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13
Q

describe interphase

A

the DNA in the cell replicates to form 2 copies of each chromosome

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14
Q

describe metaphase

A

-nuclear membrane breaks down
-chromosomes line up across the centre of the cell

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15
Q

describe anaphase

A

one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus

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16
Q

what is telophase

A

membranes form around each end of the cell

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17
Q

what is the outer layer of the kidney called?

A

the cortex

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18
Q

what is the inner layer of the kidney called?

A

the medulla

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19
Q

what is the function of the ureter and where it is located?

A

-carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder
-in the kidney, it is in the middle

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20
Q

where are the nephrons located?

A

they start in the cortex, loop down into the medulla and back to the cortex

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21
Q

describe the bowman’s capsule

A

surrounds a ball of capillaries called the capillary knot

22
Q

describe ultrafiltration

A

-high pressure is created in the capillary knot by the diameter of the capillary leaving the knot being narrower than the capillary entering
-ultrafiltration - small molecules pass out of the capillary and into the bowman’s capsule (waste products)
-proteins and blood cells are too big to leave the capillaries to go into the tubule

23
Q

where is insulin produced?

A

the pancreas

24
Q

when is insulin released?

A

high blood glucose levels

25
Q

what is the function of insulin?

A

-triggers cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream
-converts glucose to glycogen

26
Q

when is glucagon released?

A

when blood glucose levels are low

27
Q

what is the function of glucagon?

A

-breaks down glycogen in the liver into glucose
-releases glucose into the bloodstream

28
Q

describe the general structure of negative feedback loops

A

-stimulus: initial change in the body’s condition
-receptor: detects the change
-control centre: processes the information
-effector: takes action to reverse the change

29
Q

what does thyroxine control?

A

-regulates metabolic rate
-controls body temperature

30
Q

what does ADH control?

A

-water content of blood

31
Q

what is the effect of increased levels of ADH?

A

increases reabsorption of water by the collecting ducts

32
Q

when is ADH released?

A

released from the pituitary gland when blood is too concentrated

33
Q

what is the effect of adrenaline?

A

-increases breathing rate
-increases heart rate
increases flow of blood to muscles
-converts glycogen to glucose

34
Q

where is adrenaline released from?

A

the adrenal glands

35
Q

which organ does insulin do its work in?

A

liver

36
Q

what happens when thyroxine levels are low?

A

-hypothalamus releases TRH
-pituitary gland releases TSH
-thyroid releases more thyroxine

37
Q

what happens when thyroxine levels are normal?

A

-TRH release from hypothalamus is inhibited
-this inhibits the release of TSH from the pituitary gland

38
Q

what do oestrogen and progesterone control?

A

the menstrual cycle

39
Q

what do FSH and LH control?

A

fertility

40
Q

what are the effects of oestrogen?

A

-released from the ovaries
-uterus lining grows

41
Q

what are the effects of progesterone?

A

-produced by the empty follicle in the ovary after the egg has been released
-maintains lining of the uterus

42
Q

what does FSH stimulate?

A

-oestrogen production
-the growth of follicles in the ovary
-secreted by the pituitary gland

43
Q

describe LH

A

-secreted by the pituitary gland
-stimulates ovulation

44
Q

what does progesterone inhibit?

A

FSH + LH

45
Q

what does oestrogen stimulate?

A

LH

46
Q

what hormones do fertility drugs contain?

A

FSH + LH

47
Q

what happens when the eye needs to focus on a nearby object?

A

-ciliary muscles contract
-suspensory ligaments loosen
-lens becomes fatter

48
Q

what happens when the eye needs to focus on a distant object?

A

-ciliary muscles loosen
-suspensory ligaments tighten
-lens becomes thinner

49
Q

what does thyroxine do?

A

-stimulates exothermic reactions

50
Q

what is needed for Benedict’s solution to work?

A

heat

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