B1 - cell level systems (from PMT) Flashcards
state the function of the cytoplasm
it is where most of the cell’s chemical reactions take place
state the function of mitochondria
they are the site of aerobic respiration
state the function of ribosomes
they are the site of protein synthesis
describe the structure of DNA
-it is a polymer made of many nucleotide monomers
-it is made of 2 strands in the shape of a double helix
describe the structure of a nucleotide
a nucleotide contains a 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base
describe transcription
-DNA unzipped
-complementary mRNA nucleotides bind and are joined together
-mRNA detaches and leaves the nucleus
describe translation
-mRNA travels to a ribosome
-carrier molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA sequence
-the amino acids are joined together
how does the sequence of DNA affect the protein made in protein synthesis?
DNA is a triplet code where 3 bases code for one amino acid and the order of amino acids determine the protein produced
what are enzymes
enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of metabolic reactions
what is the purpose of respiration?
to produce energy in the form of ATP from larger molecules (like sugars)
what does anaerobic respiration in yeast produce?
ethanol, CO2 and energy
define oxygen debt
the extra oxygen that is needed to break down the lactic acid formed in anaerobic respiration
what type of enzymes break down carbohydrates?
carbohydrases
what type of enzymes break down proteins?
proteases
what type of enzymes break down lipids and what are they broken down into?
lipids are broken down by lipases into glycerol and fatty acids
