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bio > B3 - organism level systems (from PMT) > Flashcards

B3 - organism level systems (from PMT) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the difference between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system?

A

the central nervous system is the brain and the spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system is every other part of the nervous system

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2
Q

define a stimulus

A

a change in the environment

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3
Q

what type of neurone connects a receptor to the CNS

A

a sensory neurone

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4
Q

what is an effector

A

a part of the body that brings about the response to a stimulus like a muscle or a gland

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5
Q

what type of neurone connects the CNS to an effector?

A

a motor neurone

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6
Q

describe the reflex arc

A

-stimulus detected by receptor
-impulse passed along sensory neurone to CNS
-impulse passed along motor neurone to effector
-effector brings about the response

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7
Q

what is the cornea and what is its function?

A

the transparent layer in front of the eye that protects the eye from damage

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8
Q

what is the function of the lens?

A

the lens focuses the light rays onto the retina

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9
Q

what is the retina and what is its function?

A

the retina is the back part of the eye and it converts visual stimuli into electrical impulses

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10
Q

where is the cerebrum located and what is its function?

A

-it is located at the front of the brain
-it controls conscious functions, memory and language

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11
Q

where is the cerebellum located and what is its function?

A

-it is located at the back bottom of the brain
-it controls muscular movement and balance

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12
Q

where is the medulla located and what is its function?

A

-it is located in the brainstem in the middle at the bottom
-it controls unconscious functions like heart rate and breathing

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13
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

it acts as the regulatory centre and controls things like body temperature, water content and salt balance

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14
Q

why is it difficult to treat brain disorders?

A

-the brain and spinal cord are very difficult to access
-tissues in the CNS cannot regenerate
-drugs cannot penetrate the blood-brain barrier

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15
Q

define target cells

A

target cells are cells with the specific receptor for a hormone that produce an effect when the hormone binds

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16
Q

what does the hormone thyroxine control in the body?

A

metabolic rate

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17
Q

describe thyroxine as a negative feedback system

A

-when the level of thyroxine decreases the pituitary gland produces thyroid stimulating hormone, which causes the thyroid gland to produce more thyroxine
-when the level of thyroxine increases, the pituitary gland produces less TSH

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18
Q

what is the function of oestrogen?

A

causes the uterus lining to thicken

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19
Q

what hormone does oestrogen inhibit?

A

FSH

20
Q

what is the function of progesterone?

A

maintains the womb lining

21
Q

what hormone does progesterone inhibit?

A

FSH

22
Q

what is the function of FSH?

A

stimulates the follicle to mature + release oestrogen

23
Q

what is the function of LH?

A

causes the release of an egg from a follicle - ovulation

24
Q

how do oestrogen pills work to prevent pregnancy?

A

oestrogen pills inhibit FSH which stops the egg from maturing

25
Q

how do progesterone pills work to prevent pregnancy?

A

cause a sticky mucus to form at the cervix which prevents the sperm from fertilising the egg

26
Q

describe how IVF is carried out

A

-mother is given FSH
-sperm from the father and eggs from the mother are collected
-the egg is fertilised in a laboratory and allowed to develop into an embryo
-the embryo is then put into the mother’s uterus

27
Q

what hormone is given in female fertility drugs?

A

FSH

28
Q

what does auxin trigger?

A

growth of the main stem of the plant (+ inhibits the growth of side shoots)

29
Q

what do gibberellins do?

A

-promote seed germination
-increase the length between stem nodes
-delays leaf shedding

30
Q

what does ethene cause when it is applied to plants?

A

fruit ripening

31
Q

what are parthenocarpic fruit?

A

seedless fruit

32
Q

define homeostasis

A

the maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body despite fluctuations in internal and external conditions

33
Q

state 3 conditions which need to be controlled within the body

A

-temperature
-water levels
-blood glucose concentration

34
Q

why does the temperature need to be controlled?

A

to provide a suitable environment for enzymes so that they can work fastest at their optimum temperature

35
Q

describe the process of vasodilation

A

-the body detects a wise in temperature
-blood vessels supplying the capillaries at the skin surface dilate
-more blood flows closer to the skin where more heat energy can be released

36
Q

state 2 effects caused by insulin secretion

A

-more glucose is taken up by cells
-glucose is converted to glycogen for storage

37
Q

what does the secretion of glucagon cause?

A

glucagon secretions cause glycogen to be broken down into glucose to raise the blood glucose concentration

38
Q

what is the main difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

type 1 - the body doesn’t produce enough insulin
type 2 - the body no longer responds to insulin

39
Q

what happens if an animal cell is placed in a solution of lower water potential?

A

the cell will crenate

40
Q

what happens if an animal cell is placed in a solution of higher water potential?

A

water will move into the cell and it will burst (lyse)

41
Q

what is the function of the kidneys?

A

-maintaining the balance of water and other substances in the body through urine production
-filtering out the waste products, such as water, ions and urea (from amino acids) from the body
-selectively reabsorbing useful substances such as glucose, ions and water into the body

42
Q

describe the general structure of a kidney

A

-contains a cortex and medulla
-renal artery carries blood to the kidney
-renal vein carries blood away from the kidney
-each kidney contains many nephrons
-ureter carries fluid from the kidneys to the bladder

43
Q

what does ADH do?

A

-when ADH is secreted into the bloodstream it increases the permeability of the kidney tubules to water
-this increases the reabsorption of water, where more water leaves the tubules to move into the bloodstream

44
Q

describe the negative feedback loop when dehydration is detected

A

-thirst signals activated
-more ADH released (water retained by kidneys)

45
Q

describe the negative feedback loop when overhydration is detected

A

-less ADH is released
-dilute urine is produced
-salts are retained

bio (8 decks)

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