FUCK I FORGOT I NEEDED TO KNOW THIS Flashcards
define a monoclonal antibody
identical copies of one type of antibody
what are antibodies and what are they produced by?
-proteins
-lymphocytes
how does the body recognise and attack pathogens?
-the lymphocytes recognise the antigens on pathogens as foreign and produce antibodies to attack them
what did scientists discover about antibodies?
-can make antibodies to bind to antigens on other substances, not just pathogens
-once bound, these are merged tightly together, making them easier to identify
describe the formation of monoclonal antibodies
-antigen injected into a mouse
-mouse produces lymphocytes, which produce antibodies specific to the antigen that was injected
-lymphocytes removed from the mouse
-spleen cells fused with human cancerous white blood cells called meloma cells to form hybridoma cells which divide indefinitely
-hybridoma cells divide and produce millions of monoclonal antibodies specific to the original antigen
which type of cell produces lymphocytes?
spleen cells
name 3 uses of monoclonal antibodies
-pregnancy tests
-cancer diagnosis
-cancer treatment
how do pregnancy test kits use monoclonal antibodies
-monoclonal antibodies designed to bind with hCG, which is only found in the pee of pregnant women
-if hCG is present, the monoclonal antibodies will stick to it and a colour change will happen
how do cancer diagnosis’s use monoclonal antibodies
-bind to antigens on cancer cells and mark them to make them easy to find
what is a keystone species?
-one that plays a specific role within the ecosystem
what is an indicator species for clean water?
mayfly larva
what is an indicator species for a bit of water pollution?
-freshwater shrimp
what is an indicator species for a moderate level of water pollution?
bloodworm
what is an indicator species for a high level of water pollution?
red-tailed maggot
what is an indicator species for clean air?
bushy lichens
