FUCK I FORGOT I NEEDED TO KNOW THIS

Question 1

define a monoclonal antibody

Answer 1

identical copies of one type of antibody

Question 2

what are antibodies and what are they produced by?

Answer 2

-proteins
-lymphocytes

Question 3

how does the body recognise and attack pathogens?

Answer 3

-the lymphocytes recognise the antigens on pathogens as foreign and produce antibodies to attack them

Question 4

what did scientists discover about antibodies?

Answer 4

-can make antibodies to bind to antigens on other substances, not just pathogens
-once bound, these are merged tightly together, making them easier to identify

Question 5

describe the formation of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 5

-antigen injected into a mouse
-mouse produces lymphocytes, which produce antibodies specific to the antigen that was injected
-lymphocytes removed from the mouse
-spleen cells fused with human cancerous white blood cells called meloma cells to form hybridoma cells which divide indefinitely
-hybridoma cells divide and produce millions of monoclonal antibodies specific to the original antigen

Question 6

which type of cell produces lymphocytes?

Answer 6

spleen cells

Question 7

name 3 uses of monoclonal antibodies

Answer 7

-pregnancy tests
-cancer diagnosis
-cancer treatment

Question 8

how do pregnancy test kits use monoclonal antibodies

Answer 8

-monoclonal antibodies designed to bind with hCG, which is only found in the pee of pregnant women
-if hCG is present, the monoclonal antibodies will stick to it and a colour change will happen

Question 9

how do cancer diagnosis’s use monoclonal antibodies

Answer 9

-bind to antigens on cancer cells and mark them to make them easy to find

Question 10

what is a keystone species?

Answer 10

-one that plays a specific role within the ecosystem

Question 11

what is an indicator species for clean water?

Answer 11

mayfly larva

Question 12

what is an indicator species for a bit of water pollution?

Answer 12

-freshwater shrimp

Question 13

what is an indicator species for a moderate level of water pollution?

Answer 13

bloodworm

Question 14

what is an indicator species for a high level of water pollution?

Answer 14

red-tailed maggot

Question 15

what is an indicator species for clean air?

Answer 15

bushy lichens

Question 16

what is an indicator species for slightly polluted air?

Answer 16

leafy lichens

Question 17

what is an indicator species for very polluted air?

Answer 17

crusty lichens

Question 18

what are the cells that help provide energy for the sieve tubes called?

Answer 18

companion cells