Practically describing inflammation Flashcards
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
-heat (hyperemia)
-redness (hyperemia)
-pain (bradykinin and PGE2)
-Swelling (edema)
-loss of function
Inflammation
-only occurs in living tissue
-brings humoral and cellular defenses to site of injury
-attempts to minimize risk of injury o healthy tissues but can be harmful
-avoid wasteful dilution of these resources
Severity of inflammation
1.minimal (visible histologically)
2. Mild (hyperemia and some edema, but not really tissue damage yet)
3.Moderate (inflammation and obvious tissue destruction)
4. Severe (life threatening or compromising organ function)
Moderate bronchopneumonia
-inflammation from pneumonia
- edema with wide interlobular septa present
**moderate
Severe bronchopneumonia
-fibrin, firm, worse so will be considered severe
Duration of inflammation
1.Peracute (a few hours after stimulus, takes time for inflammatory cells to get there; edema, hyperemia, hemorrhage)
2.Acute (a few hours to a few days; swelling, hemorrhage, hyperemia, exudate of fibrin and neutrophils)
3.Subacute (hyperemia is less prominent, change in inflammatory cell type from just neutrophils to some macrophages)
4.chronic (fibrosis tissue repair, inflammatory cells include macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells)
Peracute diffuse pulmonary edema
-wide interlobular septa
-congestion
-edema
Aging edema
-difficult to age
Acute parvovirus
-bright red section of intestines
-acute enteritis (mostly seeing hyperemia)
Fibrinogen
-needed for blot clots
-when activated results in fibrin leaking out and forming long chains
-white when smaller amounts, and when mixed with inflammatory cells it will be more yellow
Acute moderate fibrinous peritonitis
-fibrin polymers are not cross linked to each other yet
Fibrous peritoneal adhesions
-fibrin becomes fibrous adhesion when chronic. Cannot pull this apart but would be able to when just fibrin
Multifocal chronic renal fibrosis
-cat kidney
-white, sunken lesions
-chronic inflammation and fibrosis
**difficult to go back in time and determine what exactly caused this because body only has so many ways to describe this
Distribution of inflammation
-focal
-multifocal
-locally extensive
-diffuse
Disseminated renal petechiation
-Petechial hemorrhages- many tiny hemorrhages
Disseminated
-meaning tiny little areas spread out
Chronic-active
-term used with things like hepatitis
-redundant term because chronic does mean that it is ongoing inflammation
Hardware disease
-ruminants pick up hardware which can end up in rumen and can result in allowing bacteria to reach pericarditis
-results in diffuse chronic pericarditis (thickening of pericardial sac)
Serous exudate
-transparent, yellow, not coagulated, thin fluid
-usually on serosal surfaces
-derived from plasma or mesothelium
Ex. low protein exudate in a blister
Fibrinous exudate
-results from extravasation of fibrinogen and formation of fibrin in tissue and cavities
-appears as ground glass (shower door blurred appearance)
Fibrinous polyserositis
-Acute fibrin layer
-polyserositis (inflammation on serous of more than one organ/joint)
White wide interlobular septa
-when white instead of clear, means that they have a lot of fibrin present
Fibrinonecrotic rhinitis
-combination of necrotic tissue and fibrin that is occurring with the nasal cavity
Fibrinonecrotic
-both necrotic tissue and fibrin
Fibrinous exudate peeling apart?
-easily peeled apart= acute
-difficult to peel an dolder than 4 days= sub acute to chronic
Chronic fibrinous pericarditis
-can occur by hardware disease
-originally fibrin that has been converted to fibrous tissue over time
Suppurative or purulent exudate
-Pus consisting of neutrophils, necrotic cells, and edema fluid
-opaque, thick, creamy fluid caused by bacteria
-liquefactive necrosis is same thing
-pus is liquid and settles by gravity within cavities
Abscess resolution
-localized accumulation of pus surrounded by fibrous wall
-fibrous wall prevents the spread of the infection caused by bacteria
-neutrophils gain control over infection and kill bacteria
-debris is cleaned
-abscess is organized
Caseous lymphadenitis
-actually an example of an abscess
Types of inflammation
- Pus
- Granulomatous inflammation
- Hemorrhagic inflammation
- Emphysematous (present of gas in tissue)
- Mucoid/catarrhal inflammation (on mucous membranes)
Granulomatous inflammation
-formed from Mycobacterial, fungal, foreign body
-caused by caseous necrosis and the macrophages that come
-surrounded by lymphocytes plasma cells and fibroblasts
-chronic
Blastomyces
-soil borne infection
- common in hunting dogs
Blasto
-appear as a snowman in histo for granulomas
Morphologic diagnosis
-need location and process
-can include severity, duration, distribution, exudate, other
