Oncology 2 Flashcards
Neoplasia
-new growth=neoplasm
-growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal tissue
-does not remove if stimulus is removed
Tumour
-swelling or mass
-may not always refer to neoplasm
Benign
-tumour does not metastasize and removal is curative
Malignant
-having anaplasia, invasion, and metastasis
>can also see tumour cells infiltrate blood vessels which means they can travel and invade elsewhere
-tends to become progressively worse and leads to death
Anaplasia
-failure of differentiation
>morphological occurrence is different than would expect. Daughter cells no longer look like original cell.
Cancer
-only refers to malignant tumours
-often best to say malignant neoplasm to clients instead of cancer
Tumour characteristics
-growth
-mode of tumour growth
-differentiation
-mitotic rate
-local invasion
-metastasis
Invasive growth
-seen in malignant tumours
-tumour will send tentacle extensions out into surrounding tissues
Expansile growth
-seen in benign tumours
-expand by adding layers upon layers… “blowing up a balloon”
>will apply pressure to surrounding tissue
Growth rate benign vs malignant
-Benign: slow Malignant: fast
Mode of growth benign
-expansion, well demarcated
**expansile growth
Mode of growth malignant
-expansive, infiltrative, poorly demarcated
**invasive growth
Differentiation benign vs. malignant
-Benign: well differentiation
- Malignant: often poorly differentiated
Mitotic rate of benign vs. malignant
Benign: low, normal figures
Malignant: high, abnormal figures
Local invasion benign vs. malignant
Benign: absent
Malignant: present
Metastasis benign vs. malignant
Benign: never
Malignant: occasionally
Malignant tumour characteristics
-inducing angiogenesis
-avoiding immune system
-Others
Tumour types
-Epithelial tumours
-Mesenchymal tumours
Naming epithelial tumours
-based on tissue of origin
>Adenoma= benign (ex. salivary gland adenoma)
>Carcinoma= malignant (ex. salivary gland carcinoma)
>if add “adeno” to carcinoma= forming glandular structures
Epithelial tissues
-skin
-alimentary tract
-respiratory
-urinary
-reproductive
- gland linings (prostate, thyroid, bile duct)
-liver
-kidney
-testicle
-ovary
Papillomas
-outward growing benign tumours of epithelial surfaces
**if many of them= probably viral in origin
Melanocytic tumours
-Benign: benign melanoma
-Malignant: Malignant melanoma
Naming mesenchymal tissues
-Add oma= benign
-Add sarcoma= malignant
Mesenchymal tissues
-connective tissue
-cartilage
-bone
-hematopoietic cells
-endothelium
-muscle
**Exceptions: nervous system, lymphoid tissues because they don’t have benign forms
Lymphoid tumours
-called lymphocarcoma or lymphoma
-always malignant
Osteochondroma
-benign
-in bone and cartilage
Hemangioma
-benign
-blood vessels
Tumour of smooth muscle
-leiomyoma
Tumour of skeletal muscle
-Rhabdomyoma
Naming mixed tumours
-multiple cell types
1.Teratomas- germ cell origin; tissue with multiple embryonic cell layers
2.mixed mammary tumours- neoplastic epithelial component; reactive mesenchymal element component (fibrous connective tissue)
Collision tumours
-two or more tumours abutting one another
-commonly seen in cryptorchid testicles
Carcinosarcomas
-malignant epithelial and mesenchymal tissue tumours
Endophytic
-tumour grows from a surface down/in
Exophytic
-tumour grows from a surface up/out
Pedunculated (polyploid)
-growing from a stalk out
Pseudocapsule
-tumour is growing, tissue around it becomes more and more compressed making it appear as a capsule
>problem because appears to be well demarcated and assume benign but then tumour reoccurs because malignant tumours can grow this way with small extensions branching out. Reason why you take away tumour with margins… in hope to remove these branches
Scirrhous OR desmoplasia
-reaction that a body has to a tumour
>fibrous tissue forming around the outside of carcinomas making the tumour firm
**means that a lot of the time, most of the tumour mass is desmoplasia and not the tumour itself
Umbilicated
-looks like a belly button
>rim that is raised (still alive), center that is slightly depressed (necrosis)
**commonly associated with carcinomas (malignant epithelial tumour
Vegetative
-used to describe tumour growth
>lumpy, bumpy tumour growth
Tumour morphological diagnoses
-Name of tumour
-Anatomic location
-Presence of metastasis and their locations
Right atrial Hemangiosarcomas
-tumours on the right side of heart almost always this diagnosis
**common
