Practical Exam Essentials Flashcards
are enclosed workspaces with a ventilated hood that is designed to contain pathogenic microorganisms during microbiological processes.
biosafety cabinets
biosafety cabinets are provided with ___-filters that decontaminate the air moving out of the cabinet.
HEPA
only provides protection to the sample and not to the personnel and the environment, whereas biosafety cabinets protect all three.
laminar hood
Biosafety cabinets are classified into ___classes by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), each with specific performance characteristics and application
three
are most suitable for work with hazardous agents that require Biosafety Level 3 or 4.
what BSL level
BSCs III
is the most basic biosafety cabinet that provides protection to the environment and the laboratory personnel.
BSC I
It doesn’t, however, provide protection to the product as the unsterilized room air is drawn over the work surface.
BSC I
Class I biosafety cabinets are typically used to either enclose specific equipment like ___ or for procedures like aerating cultures that might potentially generate aerosols
centrifuges
Biosafety cabinets of this class are either ducted (connected to the building exhaust system) or unducted (recirculating filtered exhaust back into the laboratory).
BSC I
provide both kinds of protection (of the samples and the environment) since makeup air is also HEPA-filtered.
BSC II
The principle of operation of Class II cabinets involves a fan mounted in the top of the cabinet that draws a curtain of ___ ___ over the workstation where the biological products are being handled.
sterile air
are leak-tight, totally enclosed but ventilated cabinets, where all air that either enters or leaves through the facility pass through a HEPA filter.
class III cabinets
The cabinets are provided with rubber gloves that are attached to the system to be used during operations in the cabinet. This is why these cabinets are also termed ‘glove boxes’.
BSC III
is a technique used to identify Candida albicans and other yeasts by observing their morphology, specifically the formation of chlamydospores and pseudohyphae
dalmau plate method
view dalmau plate method results
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which is conidia/sporangiospore in slide 2?
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identify parts of sporangiospore (slide 3)
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identify the parts of a conidiophore (slide 5)
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identify thallus parts slide 7
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identify mycelia type slide 9
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view slide culture technique
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is a semi-synthetic medium used for the general cultivation of fungi, particularly those that utilize sodium nitrate as their sole nitrogen source, and is often used for isolating species like Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Paecilomyces.
czapek dox agar
is a culture medium primarily used for the cultivation and isolation of fungi and yeasts, particularly dermatophytes, due to its acidic pH which inhibits bacterial growth
saboraud dextrose agar
s a widely used microbiological growth medium, particularly for cultivating fungi and yeasts, made from potato infusion and dextrose.
potato dextrose agar
view different cultural characteristics of yeast
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stain used for sexual reproduction of fungi and yeast
malachite green
safranin
Designed to grow fungi, especially Aspergillus and Penicillium species, and is also used to cultivate some bacteria with specific nutritional requirements.
czapek dox agar
Primarily used to grow fungi, including yeasts and molds. It is particularly suitable for dermatophytes.
sabouraud dextrose agar
what would be the color of sexuals pores and vegetative cell if stained with malachite green and safranin
sexual exospore - green
vegetative cells - red/pink
As molds mature, they produce __metabolites, which can include pigments
secondary
The color in mold mycelia could be due to the presence of
melanin like compounds
stain used in slide culture
lactophenol cotton blue
component of fungi where LPCB stains
chitin
component of LPCB that Clears the fungal cell wall, making internal structures more visible.
lactic acid
component of LPCB that acts as disinfectant, killing any living organisms
phenol
component of LPCB that prevents dehydration, maintainign the sample’s integrity
glycerol
LPCB has this dye
aniline dye
specifically binds to polysaccharides like chitin, which is the primary structural component of fungal cell walls
aniline dye
identify if hyphae is septate or aseptate (slide 22)
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cell wall staining is done thru (2)
gram staining
gregersen’s method
gram staining stains
crystal violet
gram’s iodine
decolorizer (95% ethanol)
safranin
capsule staining can be done thru
india ink method
anthony’s stain
maneval’s stain
view duguid’s staining results for capsule
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stain for duguid’s method
india ink
nigrosin
stain for maneval’s method
maneval’s stain
congo red
chemical used for Gregersen’s method
3% KOH
chemicals used for anthony’s method
6% glucose soln
crystal violet
copper sulfate solution
stain used for intracellular lipids
sudan black
give example of gram positive bacteria
streptococcs
staphylococcus
corynebacterium
listeria
bacillus
clostridium
gram negative bacteria examples
yersinia pestis
kliebsella pneumoniae
escherichia coli
serratia marcescens
Salmonella typhi
in anthony’s method the background is colored
violet
in anthony’s method the capsule is colored
faint blue
maneval’s solution is composed of:
acid fuschin
phenol
glacial acetic acid
ferric chloride
distilled water
Enhances dye penetration and preserves the structure in maneval’s stain
phenol
component of maneval’s solution that stains the bacterial cell.
acid fuschin
component of maneval’s solution lowers pH to create contrast between capsule and background
acetic acid
component of maneval’s solution that acts as mordant
ferric chloride
in Maneval’s staining, the background is colored, while the cell is colored
background - blue
cell - red
albert stain A is composed of
toluidine blue
malachite green
albert stain II contains
iodine solution
color of metachromatic granules and cytoplasm in albert staining
metachromatic - bluish/black
cytoplasm - green
modified bailey’s stain components
tannic acid
basic fuschin
fecl 6h2O
conc. Hcl
formaline
ziehl’s carbol fuschin
binds to glycoproteins regardless of overall charge;
fixating agent
tannic acid
colors the cell and the flagella red
basic fuschin
binds with Tannic Acid to form mordant
fecl3 6H2O
fixating agent for Basic Fuchsin
formalin
functions for hydrolysis, prevent tannin-iron
reaction that can color the cell with dark gray instead of red
concentrated HCl
component of Ziehl’s carbol fuschin
Phenol + Basic Fuchsin
is a positively charged molecule (cationic), which allows it to bind strongly to the negatively charged surfaces of bacterial cell membranes.
cetylpyridinum chloride
understand bailey’s staining
Coating the Flagella: The stain contains a mordant (e.g., tannic acid or potassium alum), which helps to bind the stain to the flagella and thickens them. This process forms a stable complex with the surface of the flagella.
Depositing Dye Layers: The dye used (e.g., basic fuchsin or crystal violet) adheres to the mordant-coated flagella. This multi-layering process effectively increases the diameter of the flagella, rendering them visible.
Fixation and Stabilization: The flagella structure is fixed to ensure it remains intact during the staining process, and the stain is stabilized to prevent smudging or loss of visibility.
flagella will be colored ___ in bailey’s stain
red
