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PHRM 100 – PPHC > Practical / Calculations > Flashcards

Practical / Calculations Flashcards

1
Q

Cross-sectional Study (Observational Analytic)

A

-

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2
Q

Cross-sectional Study (Observational Analytic)

Identification

A
  • relationship/association (analytic)
  • asked at some point in time (cross-sectional)
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3
Q

Cross-sectional Study (Observational Analytic)

Measure of Association

A
  • interpretation is odds
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4
Q

Cohort Study (Observational Analytic)

Identfication

A
  • relationship (analytic)
  • followed up (cohort)
  • risk of incident (cohort)
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5
Q

Cohort Study (Observational Analytic)

Measure of Association

A
  • can measure onset of disease – therefore interpretation is risk
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6
Q

Case-control Study (Observational Analytic)

A
  • starting point is outcome (disease) – identify individuals with the disease of interest
  • identify the control – individuals without disease of interest
  • look at exposure history (prior to having disease)
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7
Q

When might case-control studies be used?

A
  • when outcome (case) is rare
  • when investigating an outbreak, epidemic, pandemic
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8
Q

Case-control Study (Observational Analytic)

Identification

A
  • relationship (analytic)
  • with disease (case)
  • without disease (control)
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9
Q

Why are case-control studies not as precise as cohort studies?

A

because you are not following them to the outcome

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10
Q

Odds Ratio Calculation (cross-sectional)

A
  • odds of outcome among exposed / odds of outcome among unexposed
  • (a/b) / (c/d)
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11
Q

Odds Ratio Results

A

OR > 1:

  • association – exposed group have higher odds of outcome compared to unexposed group
  • % increase = (OR - 1) x 100

OR = 1

  • no association

OR < 1

  • inverse association – exposed group have lower odds of outcome compared to unexposed group
  • % decrease = (1 - OR) x 100
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12
Q

Relative Risk/Risk Ratio Calculation

A
  • risk of outcome among exposed / risk of outcome among unexposed
  • (a/(a+b)) / (c/(c+d))
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13
Q

Relative Risk/Risk Ratio Results

A

RR > 1

  • association – exposed group have higher risk of outcome than unexposed group
  • % increase = (RR - 1) x 100

RR = 1

  • no association

RR < 1

  • inverse association – exposed group have lower risk of outcome than unexposed group
  • % decrease = (1 - RR) x 100
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14
Q

Odds Ratio Calculation (case-control)

A
  • odds of exposure among cases / odds of exposure among controls
  • (a/c) / (b/d)
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15
Q

Randomized Controlled Trial (Experimental)

Measure of Association

A
  • relative risk
  • same calculation as cohort studies
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16
Q

Prevalence/Pre-Test Probability (Pregnancy Test)

A
  • all pregnant people / all ‘possibly’ pregnant people
  • (TP + FN) / total people
17
Q

Sensitivity (Pregnancy Test)

A

probability that an individual with the condition/disease has a positive test result

TP / (TP + FN)

18
Q

Specificity (Pregnancy Test)

A

probability that an individual without the condition/disease has a negative test result

TN / (TN + FP)

19
Q

Positive Predictive Value (Pregnancy Test)

A

probability that an individual with a positive test result has the condition/disease

TP / (TP + FP)

  • ie. what is the probability that an individual screened from this population having a positive test result actually has the disease
20
Q

Negative Predictive Value (Pregnancy Test)

A

probability that an individual with a negative test result does not have the condition/disease

TN / (TN + FN)

21
Q

Very Specific

A

all the real things that can cause the test to be positive

22
Q

Very Sensitive

A

all the other things that can cause the test to be positive

23
Q

Likelihood Ratio

A
  • calculated from knowing sensitivity and specificity of the test
  • combination of prevalence and sensitivity
24
Q

Positive Likelihood Ratio

A
  • LR+ = sensitivity / (1-specificity)
  • > 1
25
Q

Negative Likelihood Ratio

A
  • LR+ = (1-sensitivity) / specificity
  • < 1
26
Q

Likelihood Ratio Results

A
  • LR =1: NO CHANGE in the likelihood of the disease/condition
  • LR >: the MORE likely the disease/condition
  • LR <1: the LESS likely the disease/condition
27
Q

Prevalence vs. Incidence

A
  • prevalence: ‘burden’ or ‘living with’
  • incidence: ‘newly’ or ‘risk’

PHRM 100 – PPHC (18 decks)

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