Practical 2 Clinical cases

Question 0

Angina pectoris

Answer 0

• Result from poor blood flow (usually due to the atherosclerosis) in the coronary blood vessels.
• The resulting lack of oxygen to the myocardium causes the following symptoms:
• chest pain slightly to the left of the sternum
• tightness that spreads down the left arm
• severe indigestion or heartburn

Question 1

Atrial septal defect

Answer 1

• Most commonly seen is congenital defect in infants where the foreman ovale does not close properly
• symptoms include: Dyspnea, frequent respiratory infections in children, heart palpitations, and shortness of breath after light activity

Question 2

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Answer 2

Caused by prolonged angina pectoris which leads to death or damage of myocardium.
Symptoms are similar to those of angina pectoris but are usually prolonged

Question 3

Arrhythmias

Answer 3

Defects in the conduction system causing irregular heart rhythms. If not corrected, this can lead to uncoordinated atrial & ventricular contractions.

Question 4

Fibrillation

Answer 4

Rapid & irregular or out-of-phase contractions where control of the heart rhythm is not in the SA node. Blood does not move through the heart. Defibrillation must occur to prevent brain death due to lack of oxygen.

Question 5

Heart block

Answer 5

Most commonly caused by an interference of the impulse transmission from the atria to ht ventricles through the AV node. Can either be a total heart block where no impulses get through and the ventricles beat at their own heart rate, which is much too slow to maintain circulation, or a partial heart block where only some of the atrial impulses reach the ventricles. Both total and partial heart blocks require artificial pacemakers that recouple the atria to the ventricles.

Question 6

Heart murmur

Answer 6

Abnormal gurgling sound that can be detected using a stethoscope. Caused by incomplete closure of the AV valves (mitral valve prolapse) which allows regurgitation or backflow of blood into the atria.

Question 7

Varicose veins

Answer 7

Venous valves do not work properly and blood flows in the reverse direction, causing the blood to pool and vessel dilation.

Factors: Genetics, pregnancy, growth, and abdominal tumors

Question 8

Venipuncture

Answer 8

Drawing blood or injection from the superficial veins, especially those in the median cubital fossa. Common for intravenous feeding, the introduction of fluids and electrolytes over a long period of time

Question 9

Atherosclerosis

Answer 9

• Fatty deposits in the tunica intima of arteries that is usually accompanied by damage to the tunica media.
• Reduces the diameter of the lumen and reduces blood flow
• Can cause stroke, damage to arteries supplying the brain, causing loss of brain function.

Question 10

Hypotension

Answer 10

-Low blood pressure
Orthostatic hypotension: Temporary
-Chronic hypotension: poor nutrition, addison’s diseases, hypothyroidism
-Acute hypotension: circulatory shock (ICU and surgery)

Question 11

Hypertension

Answer 11

• High blood pressure
• Primary (essential) hypertension: No underlying cause; heredity/ environmental factors
• Secondary hypertension: Due to identifiable disease, obstruction of renal arteries, kidney disease, endocrine disorders, hyperthyroidism, and Cushing’s syndrome

Question 12

Stroke

Answer 12

Damage to the arteries supplying the brain, causing rapid loss of brain function. Usually caused by atherosclerosis but can be caused by other factors.

Question 13

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

Answer 13

Disease that targets the helper T cells. With progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)

the lack of helper T cells supresses the immune system & compromises an individuals ability to fight off secondary infections.

Question 14

Lymphadenopathy

Answer 14

enlargement or swelling of the lymph nodes caused by a number of diseases

Question 15

Edema(lynphedema)

Answer 15

Blockage of normal lymph draining leading to swelling associated with the accumulation of a fluid. Can be temporarily cause by tight fitting clothing or sleeping incorrectly.
Also be filiariasis-disease caused by a parasitic worm belonging to the family filariae.
Extreme tissue swelling of limbs & gentalia- elephantiasis

Question 16

Buboes

Answer 16

swelling of lymph nodes in response to infections such as bubonic plague, TB, or syphyllis

Question 17

Tonnsillitis

Answer 17

inflammation of tonsils caused by either vial or bacterial infection. If the condition becomes chronic, a tonsillectomy- performed to remove tonsils completely or partially