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A&P Test 2 > Chapter21 - Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chapter21 - Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Lymphatic system functions

A
  1. Aids immune system: produces, houses, and transports lymphocytes and other immune cells
  2. Aids circulatory system: balancing fluids, blood volume, and blood pressure.
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2
Q

Lymphatic system components

A
  • lymph,
  • lymphatics (vessels)
  • lymphatic tissues and organs
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3
Q

Lymph

A

fluid composed of water, dissolved solutes, small amount of protein, cell debris, pathogens, or cancer cells.

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4
Q

Formation of lymph:

A

≈15% of fluid entering spaces does not get reabsorbed into the blood capillaries (about 3L daily).
-Moves passively into lymphatic capillaries due to the pressure gradient.

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5
Q

Pathway of Lymphatics

A 
lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic vessels
lymphatic trunks
lymphatic ducts
veins
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6
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A
  • smallest lymph vessels
  • closed-ended, larger in diameter than blood capillaries
  • Walls composed of only endothelial cells that overlap with one-way flaps
    to allow fluid entrance
    -Anchoring filaments
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7
Q

Anchoring filaments

A

attach endothelial cells to the nearby structures

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8
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

are structures formed from merged lymphatic capillaries.
- Three vessel tunics(intima, media, externa)
- Have valves (prevent lymph from pooling and backflow).
Because LS is without a pump it relies on several mechanisms to move lymph through the vessels:
- skeletal muscle pump
- respiratory pump in the torso
- pulsatile movement of blood in nearby arteries
- rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle in larger lymph vessel walls (contain pacemaker cells)

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9
Q

Lymphatic Trunks

A

fed into by lymphatic vessels; present on both sides of the body.

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10
Q

Lymphatic Ducts

A

-largest lymphatic vessels
(right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct)
convey lymph back into venous circulation (left and right jugular veins)

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11
Q

Lymphedema

A

accumulation of interstitial fluid due to interference w/ lymphatic drainage

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12
Q

Lymphatic Tissue & Organs

A

The major component of the lymphatic structures is the lymphatic tissue
-a type of loose connective tissue that contains an extensive matrix of thin collagen fibers (also called “reticular fibers”) that houses a variety of immune and supporting cells

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13
Q

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

A

– a loose arrangement of cells and reticular fibers

– is found in every body organ.

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14
Q

Nodular lymphatic tissue

A

-a compact arrangement of cells within the matrix of reticular fibers forming lymphatic nodules (=lymphatic follicles) of various size. -Can be part of a larger lymphatic organ (ex. lymph node) or scattered in the walls of other organs (ex. appendix).

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15
Q

Primary lymphatic structures are

A

involved in formation and maturation of lymphocytes.

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16
Q

Secondary lymphatic structures

A
  • house immune cells,

- site of immune response initiation

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17
Q

Primary Lymphatic Structures:

A

Red Bone Marrow

Thymus

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18
Q

Red Bone Marrow

A

-the flexible tissue located within the spaces between the trabeculae in the sections of spongy bone and responsible for hemopeosis
-All formed elements leave the bone marrow and directly enter and circulate in the blood.
Exception: T-lymphocytes complete their maturation in the thymus.

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19
Q

Thymus location

A

superior mediastinum

20
Q

Thymus function

A

T-lymphocyte maturation

21
Q

Thymus size

A

grows until puberty, then is slowly replaced by adipose tissue

22
Q

Thymus structure

A

consists of two fused thymic lobes covered with the capsule.
Trabeculae

23
Q

Trabeculae

A

fibrous extensions of the capsule,

subdivide lobes into lobules.

24
Q

T-lymphocytes in cortex & medulla

A
  • each lobule with outer cortex (with immature T-lymphocytes)
  • inner medulla (with mature T-lymphocytes)
25
Q

Secondary Lymphatic Structures:

A
  • Lymph Node
  • Spleen
  • Tonsils
  • Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue(MALT)
26
Q

Lymph Node characteristics

A
  • Small (1-25 mm), oval, encapsulated structures located along the pathways of lymphatic vessels. Total # 500-700
  • F: Filter lymph and remove unwanted substances
27
Q

Capsule

A

sends internal extension into it, trabeculae

28
Q

2 regions of a lymph node:

A

Cortex & Medulla

29
Q

Cortex

A

(outer)

contains lymphatic nodule with dividing immune cells

30
Q

Medulla

A

(inner)

carries medullary cords, support strands of mature immune cells.

31
Q

Sinuses

A

lined by macrophages (remove foreign debris)

32
Q

If a lymphocyte encounters a foreign substance…

A

…immune response is generated, during which lymphocytes undergo rapid cell division (“swollen lymph nodes”)

33
Q

Spleen

A

-large lymphatic organ located posterolaterally to the stomach.

34
Q

Spleen is surrounded by connective tissue capsule with …

A

…trabeculae extending into the organ and subdividing the spleen

35
Q

2 regions of the spleen

A

White pulp

Red pulp

36
Q

White pulp

A

Contains a central artery + clusters of T- and B-lymphocytes and macrophages (immune function)

37
Q

Red pulp

A

Has splenic sinusoids so that blood cells (erythrocytes, platelets) can easily enter and exit the vessel. Rich in macrophages that will dispose of the worn-out erythrocytes.

38
Q

Spleen basic function

A

filters blood

39
Q

IN

-> white pulp (lymphatic cells monitor blood for foreign materials and bacteria

A

…->red pulp (macrophages phagocytize bacteria, foreign debris, and old erythrocytes and platelets)
->OUT

40
Q

Spleens 4 main function

A
  1. Body’s defense
  2. Removal and cycling of old and defective erythrocytes and throbocytes(platelets)
  3. Reservoirs of erythrocytes and thrombocytes
  4. Formation of RBC during fetal development.
41
Q

Tonsil location

A

pharynx (throat)

42
Q

Tonsil function

A

protection against foreign substances inhaled/ingested

43
Q

Tonsil structure

A

Not completely encapsulated

  • Tonsillar crypts
  • Lymphatic nodules
44
Q

Tonsillar crypts

A

(invaginations) increase surface area to trap material

45
Q

Lymphatic nodules

A

might contain large number of activated B cells

46
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)

A
  • aggregation of lymphatic nodules in the mucosa in GI, respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts.
  • Ex. Peyer’s patches in SI.
47
Q

Lymphoma

A
  • cancer of the lymph system (or lymphatic system), which is part of our immunity.
  • characterized by the formation of solid tumors in the immune system.
  • affects immune cells called lymphocytes, which are white blood cells.

A&P Test 2 (6 decks)

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