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A&P Test 2 > Chapter20 - Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Chapter20 - Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Blood vessels

A

hollow tubes that direct blood.

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2
Q

Blood vessel types

A

Artery
Vein
Capillaries

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3
Q

Capillaries-

A

microscopic permeable vessels that allow the exchange of substances between blood and surrounding tissues

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4
Q

Artery-

A

away from the heart

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5
Q

Vein-

A

take blood to the heart

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6
Q

Blood vessel structure

A

Walls are composed of layers, tunics, that surround the inner space ,lumen.

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7
Q

tunic intima

A

(connective tissue for support and protection)

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8
Q

tunic media

A

(smooth muscle layer +/- elastic fibers)

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9
Q

tunic externa

A

(endothelium + connective tissue)

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10
Q

Artery

lumen, thickest layer, shape,pressure, valves

A 
L: narrower
TL:tunica media
S: maintain shape and better resistant to high-pressure (more elastic and collagen fibers)
P: 100-40 mm Hg
V: no
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11
Q

Vein

lumen, thickest layer, shape,pressure, valves

A 
L: narrower
TL: Turnica externa
S: collapses without blood and less resistant to have pressure (less elastic and collagen fibers)
P:20-0 mm Hg
V:yes
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12
Q

Arteries

A

Branch into smaller vessels:

Elastic arteries
Muscular arteries
Arterioles

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13
Q

Elastic arteries

A

Or conducting
conduct blood from the heart. Large proportion of elastic fibers allows them to stretch and recoil assisting in propelling blood

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14
Q

Muscular arteries

A

Or distributing

distribute blood to various body regions

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15
Q

Arterioles

A

Or resistance vessels
Smallest
can dilate and constrict thus, regulating blood flow to tissues and systematic blood pressure

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16
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Progressive disease of elastic and muscular arteries characterized by formation of plaques narrowing already arterial limit and obstructing bloodflow

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17
Q

Aneurysm

A

Part of the arterial wall thins and balloons out, prone to rupture leaving to massive bleeding and death

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18
Q

Capillaries

A 
Smallest vessel (just larger than a single erythrocyte)
Consist of endothelial layer on the basement membrane
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19
Q

Why does the capillaries consist of endothelial layer on the basement membrane?

A

Optimal for exchange of substances between blood and surrounding tissues

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20
Q

Types of capillaries

A
  • Continuous capillaries
  • Fenestrated capillaries
  • Sinusoids
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21
Q

Continuous capillaries

A 
Least permeable (only small molecules pass) 
most common (muscle, skin, lungs)
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22
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Endothelium with thin areas(fenestrations) that allow movement of small plasma proteins

-small intestine endocrine glands

23
Q

Sinusoids

A

Have openings that pass large substances (formed elements, large plasma proteins)
- in bone marrow liver spleen

24
Q

Capillary bed

A

Groups of capillaries functioning together

  • true capillaries
  • vascular shunt
25
Q

Vascular shunt

A

=metarteriole

Proximal part with scattered muscle cells) + thorough fare channel (distal part with no muscle cells

26
Q

True capillaries

A

Vessels branching from metarteriole

27
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

(Smooth muscle rings)

regulate blood flow into the true capillaries. they contract and relax at a rate 5-10 cycles/min: 1/4 open at a time

28
Q

Perfusion

A

Amount of blood entering capillaries per unit time per gram of tissues
(Varies)

29
Q

Function of capillaries

A

Allow exchange of substances between blood and surrounding tissue

30
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of substances from high to low concentration

31
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Endothelial cells perform endocytosis to transport large molecules

32
Q

Bulk flow

A

Movement of large amounts of fluids with a dissolved substances in one direction down a pressure gradient through pores in intercellular clefts

Includes

33
Q

Filtration

A

Movement of fluid out of the capillaries

34
Q

Reabsorption

A

Movement of fluid in the capillaries

35
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Force exerted by a fluid on a structure “pushing”

Up

36
Q

Colloid osmotic pressure

A

Pull of water by tissues proteins

37
Q

Net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

Difference between HP and net COP determines movement of fluid

38
Q

Veins

A

Merge into the larger vessels as they extend from the capillaries to the heart

39
Q

Venules

A

Smallest

-drain capillaries merge to form veins

40
Q

Small and medium sized veins

A

Are companion vessels to muscular arteries;

contain numerous valves that prevent blood from pulling in the limbs

41
Q

Large veins

A

Travel along elastic arteries contain numerous valves

42
Q

Systemic veins function as blood
_________________
(55-60%).

A

-reservoirs

43
Q

If necessary, blood can be:
-moved into circulation via vaso________ (if more blood is needed, ex.during exertion)

-shifted back into reservoirs via vaso___
(if less blood needed, ex. during rest)

A
  • constriction

- dialation

44
Q

There is_____enough blood in the body to fill all the capillaries at the same time, so blood can be __________ to the organs and tissues where it is most needed.

A
  • not

- directed

45
Q

Low blood flow

A

–amount of blood delivered to capillaries of a specific tissue.
It depends on:
1.degree of tissue vascularization
2.local regulatory factors altering blood flow
3.total blood flow

46
Q

Degree of Vascularization

A

determines potential ability of blood delivery

high vascularization in brain, skeletal muscle, heart, liver
;
little vascularity in tendons, ligaments

47
Q

Angiogenesis

A

formation of new blood vessels in tissues, stimulated by:

  • aerobic training(in skeletal muscle)
  • weight gain(adipose tissue)
  • tumor development
48
Q

Regression

A

return to the previous state of blood vessels, stimulated by:

  • sedentary style of life
  • losing weight
49
Q

Local regulation

A

Involve surrounding tissues altering the bloodflow in response to changes in the metabolic activity or damage

Perivascular tissues release a variety of vasoactive chemicals:
1 vasodialators
2 vasoconstrictors

50
Q

Vasodialators

A

Dilate Arterioles and relaxed precapillary sphincters -> increased flow into the capillaries

Ex: histamine released by leukocytes in response to infection (part of the inflammatory response)

Ex: low levels of O2 & nutrients, high levels of co2 anaphylactic acid as a result of intense exercise or disrupted bloodflow

51
Q

Vasoconstrictors

A

Cut straight arterio lace in precapillary sphincters -> increased flow into the capillaries

Ex: release of thromboxyne x2 by thrombocytes causes vasoconstriction to reduce blood loss through the damaged vessel

52
Q

Total blood flow

A

Amount of blood transported through the cardiovascular system per unit time (min)

53
Q

Total blood flow equation

A

Pressure gradient (established by the heart) / Resistance (experience by blood as it moves through the vessels)

A&P Test 2 (6 decks)

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