Practical 1 - Station 1 - osteology of the skull and vertebrae

Question 1

What are the bones of the skull divided into?

Answer 1

Cranial bones and facial bones

Question 2

What are the cranial bones?

Answer 2

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

Question 3

What are the facial bones?

Answer 3

Mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, vomer, lacrimal, nasal, palatine

Question 4

What are the 3 fossae and where are they?

Answer 4

Anterior, middle and posterior

Posterior is where the foramen magnum is

Question 5

What are the main parts of the temporal bone?

Answer 5

Petrous
External and internal auditory meatus
zygomatic process
mastoid process
styloid process

Question 6

What is the petrous part of the temporal bone?

Answer 6

Thicker pyramid housing middle and inner ear

Question 7

What is the internal auditory meatus for?

Answer 7

Vestibulocochlear nerve (hearing and balance)
Facial nerve
both pass through

Question 8

What are the mastoid and styloid processes for?

Answer 8

mastoid - attachment of neck muscles

styloid - attachment of tongue and pharynx muscles

Question 9

What shape is the sphenoid bone?

Answer 9

Butterfly

Question 10

What components make up the sphenoid bone?

Answer 10

Central body
Greater wings
lesser wings
4 pterygoid plates

Question 11

What foramen are in the sphenoid bone?

Answer 11

Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale

Question 12

What makes up the temple?

Answer 12

The Pterion

Question 13

What does the pterion mark?

Answer 13

The union of the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones

Question 14

What runs through the pterion?

Answer 14

The anterior middle meningeal artery runs through the groove of the pterion

Question 15

What is the function of the middle meningeal artery?

Answer 15

It supplies the dura mater and the bone

Question 16

What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of and what does it pass through?

Answer 16

The maxillary artery and it passes through the foramen spinosum

Question 17

Where does the olfactory nerve sit?

Answer 17

On the superior surface of the ethmoid bone - cribiform plate

Question 18

Which bone articulates with all the cranial bones?

Answer 18

Sphenoid

Question 19

What are fontanelles?

Answer 19

Wide areas of fibrous tissue where cranial bones develop in a foetus but don’t make contact with each other

Question 20

What structures make up the nasal spetum?

Answer 20

2 bones (ethmoid and vomer)
1 cartilage (septal cartilage)

Question 21

Which bones make up each of the 3 fossae?

Answer 21

Anterior - sphenoid (lesser wings), frontal, ethmoid
Middle - sphenoid, temporal (both sides)
Posterior - occipital, temporal (both sides)

Question 22

Which foramen are found in each of the 3 fossae?

Answer 22

Anterior - anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen
Middle - optic canals, superior orbital fissures, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, hiatuses of greater and lesser petrosal nerve, carotid canal
Posterior - foramen magnum, jugular foramen (both), internal acoustic meatus, hypoglossal canal, cerebellar fossa

Question 23

Where is the pituitary gland found?

Answer 23

In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Question 24

What are the main sutures?

Answer 24

Lambdoid suture, squamous suture, occipitomastoid suutre, coronal suture

Question 25

What are paranasal air sinuses?

Answer 25

Mucosa-lined air filled sinuses which lighten the skull and enhance resonance of the voice

Question 26

Which bones have paranasal air sinuses?

Answer 26

Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, 2 maxillary bones

Question 27

How many vertebra are in each section?

Answer 27

Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccygeal - 4

Question 28

What separates the vertebra?

Answer 28

IV disks act as shock absorbers

Question 29

What are the common structures of the vertebra?

Answer 29

Body, vertebral arch with vertebral foramen which spinal cord passes through, transverse and spinous process for attachment of back muscles

Question 30

What does C1 articulate with?

Answer 30

Atlas - occipital condyles of the skull

Question 31

What does C2 allow and how?

Answer 31

Axis - dens process which acts like a pivot allowing the atlas to pivot horizontally so can shake head saying no

Question 32

What are the differential features of the different vertebra types?

Answer 32

Cervical - small bodies, transverse foramen
Thoracic - transverse facets, long spinous processes
Lumbar - large bodies to bear weight

Question 33

Where do the spinal nerves emerge form the vertebral column?

Answer 33

Intervertebral foramen

Question 34

What is the sacrum made up of?

Answer 34

5 vertebra fused together

triangular

Question 35

What does the sacrum articulate with?

Answer 35

2 hip bones forming sacroiliac joints