Practical 1 - Station 1 - osteology of the skull and vertebrae Flashcards
What are the bones of the skull divided into?
Cranial bones and facial bones
What are the cranial bones?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid
What are the facial bones?
Mandible, maxilla, zygomatic, vomer, lacrimal, nasal, palatine
What are the 3 fossae and where are they?
Anterior, middle and posterior
Posterior is where the foramen magnum is
What are the main parts of the temporal bone?
Petrous External and internal auditory meatus zygomatic process mastoid process styloid process
What is the petrous part of the temporal bone?
Thicker pyramid housing middle and inner ear
What is the internal auditory meatus for?
Vestibulocochlear nerve (hearing and balance) Facial nerve both pass through
What are the mastoid and styloid processes for?
mastoid - attachment of neck muscles
styloid - attachment of tongue and pharynx muscles
What shape is the sphenoid bone?
Butterfly
What components make up the sphenoid bone?
Central body
Greater wings
lesser wings
4 pterygoid plates
What foramen are in the sphenoid bone?
Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
What makes up the temple?
The Pterion
What does the pterion mark?
The union of the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones
What runs through the pterion?
The anterior middle meningeal artery runs through the groove of the pterion
What is the function of the middle meningeal artery?
It supplies the dura mater and the bone
What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of and what does it pass through?
The maxillary artery and it passes through the foramen spinosum
Where does the olfactory nerve sit?
On the superior surface of the ethmoid bone - cribiform plate
Which bone articulates with all the cranial bones?
Sphenoid
What are fontanelles?
Wide areas of fibrous tissue where cranial bones develop in a foetus but don’t make contact with each other
What structures make up the nasal spetum?
2 bones (ethmoid and vomer) 1 cartilage (septal cartilage)
Which bones make up each of the 3 fossae?
Anterior - sphenoid (lesser wings), frontal, ethmoid
Middle - sphenoid, temporal (both sides)
Posterior - occipital, temporal (both sides)
Which foramen are found in each of the 3 fossae?
Anterior - anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramen
Middle - optic canals, superior orbital fissures, foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, hiatuses of greater and lesser petrosal nerve, carotid canal
Posterior - foramen magnum, jugular foramen (both), internal acoustic meatus, hypoglossal canal, cerebellar fossa
Where is the pituitary gland found?
In the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
What are the main sutures?
Lambdoid suture, squamous suture, occipitomastoid suutre, coronal suture
What are paranasal air sinuses?
Mucosa-lined air filled sinuses which lighten the skull and enhance resonance of the voice
Which bones have paranasal air sinuses?
Frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, 2 maxillary bones
How many vertebra are in each section?
Cervical - 7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral - 5 Coccygeal - 4
What separates the vertebra?
IV disks act as shock absorbers
What are the common structures of the vertebra?
Body, vertebral arch with vertebral foramen which spinal cord passes through, transverse and spinous process for attachment of back muscles
What does C1 articulate with?
Atlas - occipital condyles of the skull
What does C2 allow and how?
Axis - dens process which acts like a pivot allowing the atlas to pivot horizontally so can shake head saying no
What are the differential features of the different vertebra types?
Cervical - small bodies, transverse foramen
Thoracic - transverse facets, long spinous processes
Lumbar - large bodies to bear weight
Where do the spinal nerves emerge form the vertebral column?
Intervertebral foramen
What is the sacrum made up of?
5 vertebra fused together
triangular
What does the sacrum articulate with?
2 hip bones forming sacroiliac joints
