Practical 1 Lecture review (Blood and Endocrine) Flashcards
What are the 4 types of cell communication?
Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrines, hormones
What is the main difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine secrete into blood and exocrine secrete into ducts
What are the similarities and differences of the endocrine and nervous system?
Similarity: Some chemical messengers can be both endocrine and nervous.
Difference: Endocrine has long lasting effects and is slow to start. Nervous is fast and very specific with its target.
Which part of the pituitary is an outgrowth from the pharynx in the embryo?
Anterior pituitary comes from pharynx
Which part of the pituitary is nervous tissue?
Posterior pituitary comes from brain
Where are ADH and OT made?
ADH is made in supraoptic nuclei and OT is made in paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus
What is the correct pathway of oxytocin (OT) and ADH from hypothalamus to hypophysis?
Hypothalamus creates OT and ADH then they are transported through the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary where they are stored until needed
What triggers prolactin (PRL) release from the pituitary?
TRH is released from the hypothalamus travels through hypophyseal portal to anterior pit to trigger release of TSH and PRL
What type of feedback controls oxytocin release during labor?
Positive feedback
What type of feedback controls most endocrine hormones?
Most hormones regulated through negative feedback
What hormones pass through the hypophyseal portal?
Stimulating or Inhibiting hormones going from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary (CRH, TRH, GnRH, GHRH, PIH, somatostatin)
What is the target organ of the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones?
Anterior pituitary
What hormones do the different cells in the pancreas produce?
Alpha cells secrete Glucagon.
Beta cells secrete insulin.
Delta cells secrete Somatostatin.
PP cells secrete Pancreatic polypeptide.
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Destruction of beta cells so lack of insulin production
What is the cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Insulin insensitivity
What is the cause of gestational diabetes?
Hormones of pregnancy suppress insulin
What is the cause of diabetes insipidus?
Hyposecretion of ADH
How is an endemic goiter different from Grave’s disease?
Grave’s disease is autoantibodies causing hypersecretion of TSH.
Endemic goiter is hyposecretion of TSH from iodine deficiency.
Which adrenal hormone is a glucocorticoid?
Cortisol
Which adrenal hormone is a mineralocorticoid?
Aldosterone
Which zone of the cortex produces glucocorticoids?
Zona Fasciculata
What does hyposecretion mean?
Too little of a hormone
What does hypersecretion mean?
Too much of a hormone
How are hydrophilic hormones transported in the blood?
Transported freely/unbound in blood and their receptors are on the cell surface
How are hydrophobic hormones transported in the blood?
Require a transporter and receptors inside cell
What does it mean if a hormone has a permissive effect?
One hormone enhances target organ’s response to a second later hormone
What does it mean if a hormone has an antagonistic effect?
Hormones that have opposite effects
What does it mean if a hormone has a synergistic effect?
Hormones work together
What is metabolic clearance rate?
Rate of hormone removal from the blood measured in half life
What type(s) of hormones are hydrophilic?
Monoamines and Peptides
What type(s) of hormones are hydrophobic?
Steroids and Thyroid Hormones
What are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome?
Alarm reaction, State of resistance, State of exhaustion
How do SAIDs differ from NSAIDs in their ability to block pain?
SAIDs block release of arachidonic acid stopping all production.
NSAIDs block Cyclooxygenase stopping the production of Prostacyclin, Thromboxanes, Prostaglandins (PG)
What can develop if cortisol is overused as a pain reliever?
Cushing’s syndrome
What are the 3 main functions of the circulatory system?
transport, protect and regulate fluids
What are the 3 major plasma proteins?
albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
What are the nonprotein components of plasma?
dissolved gases, nitrogenous waste, nutrients, electrolytes, water
Sodium (Na) is the most abundant electrolyte.
What is hemopoiesis?
production of blood, especially its formed elements RBC, WBC, platelets
Where does hemopoiesis predominantly occur after birth?
Red bone marrow
What are erythrocytes?
red blood cells
What is the function of erythrocytes?
Transporting gases
What is the structure of erythrocytes?
Doesn’t have organelles, biconcave disc shape
What measurements are used to determine how much oxygen blood can carry?
hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration of whole blood, RBC count
Why would a female have hematocrit values lower than a male?
women have more body fat, women menstruate, androgens like testosterone are higher in men and promote RBC formations
What are the steps of erythropoiesis?
Hematopoietic stem cell → Erythrocyte colony forming unit (CFU) → Erythroblast → Reticulocyte → RBC (Erythrocytes)
What are the nutritional needs for erythropoiesis?
Dietary Iron (Ferric Fe3+ & Fe2+, most important), vitamin C, folic acid, copper
What would increase erythropoiesis?
Blood loss/low RBC count, high altitude, increased exercise, loss of lung tissue in emphysema
What is erythropoietin and where is it produced?
hormone from kidney that changes Erythrocyte CFUs into Erythroblasts
Where are RBC broken down?
spleen and liver
What is anemia?
deficiency of either RBCs or hemoglobin
What is sickle-cell disease?
hereditary hemoglobin defect altering RBC shape to half moon and sticky
What is polycythemia?
RBC excess due to cancer of erythropoietic line in bone marrow
What blood type could you have if a blood sample agglutinated with anti-A serum?
A+, A-, AB+, AB-
What blood type could you have if a blood sample did NOT agglutinate with anti-B serum?
A+, A-, O+, O-
What blood type contains anti-A antibodies?
type B and O
What blood type has no antigens?
Type O
What would happen if an A+ person received O- blood?
This transfusion would be fine; O RBC have no antigens
What happens when an O- person receives blood from an O+ person?
Agglutination due to anti-D antibodies
What happens when a B+ person receives plasma from an AB- person?
Agglutination due to anti-D antibodies
What happens when an O- person receives plasma from an A+ person?
nothing because O- doesn’t have antigens
What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Occurs with an Rh- Mother and Rh+ baby
How do we prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Giving mom RhoGAM prevents formation of D-antibodies
What organelle(s) is lacking in an erythrocyte?
Nucleus and mitochondria
What are the 5 leukocytes?
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
When are neutrophils elevated? What is their function
Increase in bacterial infection
Release antimicrobial chemicals
When are lymphocytes elevated? What is function
with infections
Destroy cancer, and viral infected cells
Provide immune memory (memory cell lines)
When are monocytes elevated? What is their function?
Increase number with infection
Become macrophages
Phagocytize pathogen and immune clearance
Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
When are eosinophils elevated? What is their function
Increase with parasite infection and allergies
Phagocytize antibody complexes, allergens, inflammatory chemicals
Release enzyme to destroy parasites
When are basophils elevated? What is their function
Initiate immune response
Increased with chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes,
Secrete histamine(vasodilator) and heparin(anticoagulant)
Which WBC is the most abundant?
Neutrophils
Which WBC is the least abundant?
Basophils
What is leukemia?
cancer of hematopoietic tissue usually producing excessive leukocytes
What is leukopenia?
leukocyte disorder characterized by low WBC count
What is leukocytosis?
leukocyte disorder characterized by high WBC count
What is hemostasis?
process to stop bleeding
What are the mechanisms involved in hemostasis?
- Vascular spasm, 2. Platelet plug formation, 3. Blood clotting
What is included in a complete blood count (CBC)?
Hematocrit, Hemoglobin concentration, Total count for RBCs, reticulocytes, WBCs, and platelets, Differential WBC count, RBC size and hemoglobin concentration per RBC
What is thrombopoiesis?
production of platelets
What triggers thrombopoiesis?
Thrombopoietin
Which clotting pathway allows the body to take the fewest steps to stop bleeding?
Extrinsic mechanisms
How are blood clots dissolved after tissue repair is complete?
Fibrinolysis produces plasmin to dissolve clot
What are the mechanisms to prevent inappropriate clotting?
- Platelet repulsion, 2. Dilution, 3. Anticoagulants
What is heparin?
Naturally occurring anti-coagulant
What is hemophilia?
failure of blood to clot due to missing a clotting factor
What are the coagulation disorders?
Thrombosis, Hemophilia
How do we clinically prevent clots?
Vitamin K antagonists such as coumarin, warfarin (Coumadin)
How do we clinically dissolve existing clots?
Streptokinase, Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), Hementin
