Practical 1 Lecture review (Blood and Endocrine)

Question 1

What are the 4 types of cell communication?

Answer 1

Gap junctions, neurotransmitters, paracrines, hormones

Question 2

What is the main difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Answer 2

Endocrine secrete into blood and exocrine secrete into ducts

Question 3

What are the similarities and differences of the endocrine and nervous system?

Answer 3

Similarity: Some chemical messengers can be both endocrine and nervous.
Difference: Endocrine has long lasting effects and is slow to start. Nervous is fast and very specific with its target.

Question 4

Which part of the pituitary is an outgrowth from the pharynx in the embryo?

Answer 4

Anterior pituitary comes from pharynx

Question 5

Which part of the pituitary is nervous tissue?

Answer 5

Posterior pituitary comes from brain

Question 6

Where are ADH and OT made?

Answer 6

ADH is made in supraoptic nuclei and OT is made in paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

Question 7

What is the correct pathway of oxytocin (OT) and ADH from hypothalamus to hypophysis?

Answer 7

Hypothalamus creates OT and ADH then they are transported through the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal tract to the posterior pituitary where they are stored until needed

Question 8

What triggers prolactin (PRL) release from the pituitary?

Answer 8

TRH is released from the hypothalamus travels through hypophyseal portal to anterior pit to trigger release of TSH and PRL

Question 9

What type of feedback controls oxytocin release during labor?

Answer 9

Positive feedback

Question 10

What type of feedback controls most endocrine hormones?

Answer 10

Most hormones regulated through negative feedback

Question 11

What hormones pass through the hypophyseal portal?

Answer 11

Stimulating or Inhibiting hormones going from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary (CRH, TRH, GnRH, GHRH, PIH, somatostatin)

Question 12

What is the target organ of the hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones?

Answer 12

Anterior pituitary

Question 13

What hormones do the different cells in the pancreas produce?

Answer 13

Alpha cells secrete Glucagon.
Beta cells secrete insulin.
Delta cells secrete Somatostatin.
PP cells secrete Pancreatic polypeptide.

Question 14

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 14

Destruction of beta cells so lack of insulin production

Question 15

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 15

Insulin insensitivity

Question 16

What is the cause of gestational diabetes?

Answer 16

Hormones of pregnancy suppress insulin

Question 17

What is the cause of diabetes insipidus?

Answer 17

Hyposecretion of ADH

Question 18

How is an endemic goiter different from Grave’s disease?

Answer 18

Grave’s disease is autoantibodies causing hypersecretion of TSH.
Endemic goiter is hyposecretion of TSH from iodine deficiency.

Question 19

Which adrenal hormone is a glucocorticoid?

Answer 19

Cortisol

Question 20

Which adrenal hormone is a mineralocorticoid?

Answer 20

Aldosterone

Question 21

Which zone of the cortex produces glucocorticoids?

Answer 21

Zona Fasciculata

Question 22

What does hyposecretion mean?

Answer 22

Too little of a hormone

Question 23

What does hypersecretion mean?

Answer 23

Too much of a hormone

Question 24

How are hydrophilic hormones transported in the blood?

Answer 24

Transported freely/unbound in blood and their receptors are on the cell surface

Question 25

How are hydrophobic hormones transported in the blood?

Answer 25

Require a transporter and receptors inside cell

Question 26

What does it mean if a hormone has a permissive effect?

Answer 26

One hormone enhances target organ's response to a second later hormone

Question 27

What does it mean if a hormone has an antagonistic effect?

Answer 27

Hormones that have opposite effects

Question 28

What does it mean if a hormone has a synergistic effect?

Answer 28

Hormones work together

Question 29

What is metabolic clearance rate?

Answer 29

Rate of hormone removal from the blood measured in half life

Question 30

What type(s) of hormones are hydrophilic?

Answer 30

Monoamines and Peptides

Question 31

What type(s) of hormones are hydrophobic?

Answer 31

Steroids and Thyroid Hormones

Question 32

What are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome?

Answer 32

Alarm reaction, State of resistance, State of exhaustion

Question 33

How do SAIDs differ from NSAIDs in their ability to block pain?

Answer 33

SAIDs block release of arachidonic acid stopping all production. NSAIDs block Cyclooxygenase stopping the production of Prostacyclin, Thromboxanes, Prostaglandins (PG)

Question 34

What can develop if cortisol is overused as a pain reliever?

Answer 34

Cushing's syndrome

Question 35

What are the 3 main functions of the circulatory system?

Answer 35

transport, protect and regulate fluids

Question 36

What are the 3 major plasma proteins?

Answer 36

albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

Question 37

What are the nonprotein components of plasma?

Answer 37

dissolved gases, nitrogenous waste, nutrients, electrolytes, water ## Footnote Sodium (Na) is the most abundant electrolyte.

Question 38

What is hemopoiesis?

Answer 38

production of blood, especially its formed elements RBC, WBC, platelets

Question 39

Where does hemopoiesis predominantly occur after birth?

Answer 39

Red bone marrow

Question 40

What are erythrocytes?

Answer 40

red blood cells

Question 41

What is the function of erythrocytes?

Answer 41

Transporting gases

Question 42

What is the structure of erythrocytes?

Answer 42

Doesn't have organelles, biconcave disc shape

Question 43

What measurements are used to determine how much oxygen blood can carry?

Answer 43

hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration of whole blood, RBC count

Question 44

Why would a female have hematocrit values lower than a male?

Answer 44

women have more body fat, women menstruate, androgens like testosterone are higher in men and promote RBC formations

Question 45

What are the steps of erythropoiesis?

Answer 45

Hematopoietic stem cell → Erythrocyte colony forming unit (CFU) → Erythroblast → Reticulocyte → RBC (Erythrocytes)

Question 46

What are the nutritional needs for erythropoiesis?

Answer 46

Dietary Iron (Ferric Fe3+ & Fe2+, most important), vitamin C, folic acid, copper

Question 47

What would increase erythropoiesis?

Answer 47

Blood loss/low RBC count, high altitude, increased exercise, loss of lung tissue in emphysema

Question 48

What is erythropoietin and where is it produced?

Answer 48

hormone from kidney that changes Erythrocyte CFUs into Erythroblasts

Question 49

Where are RBC broken down?

Answer 49

spleen and liver

Question 50

What is anemia?

Answer 50

deficiency of either RBCs or hemoglobin

Question 51

What is sickle-cell disease?

Answer 51

hereditary hemoglobin defect altering RBC shape to half moon and sticky

Question 52

What is polycythemia?

Answer 52

RBC excess due to cancer of erythropoietic line in bone marrow

Question 53

What blood type could you have if a blood sample agglutinated with anti-A serum?

Answer 53

A+, A-, AB+, AB-

Question 54

What blood type could you have if a blood sample did NOT agglutinate with anti-B serum?

Answer 54

A+, A-, O+, O-

Question 55

What blood type contains anti-A antibodies?

Answer 55

type B and O

Question 56

What blood type has no antigens?

Answer 56

Type O

Question 57

What would happen if an A+ person received O- blood?

Answer 57

This transfusion would be fine; O RBC have no antigens

Question 58

What happens when an O- person receives blood from an O+ person?

Answer 58

Agglutination due to anti-D antibodies

Question 59

What happens when a B+ person receives plasma from an AB- person?

Answer 59

Agglutination due to anti-D antibodies

Question 60

What happens when an O- person receives plasma from an A+ person?

Answer 60

nothing because O- doesn't have antigens

Question 61

What is hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Answer 61

Occurs with an Rh- Mother and Rh+ baby

Question 62

How do we prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Answer 62

Giving mom RhoGAM prevents formation of D-antibodies

Question 63

What organelle(s) is lacking in an erythrocyte?

Answer 63

Nucleus and mitochondria

Question 64

What are the 5 leukocytes?

Answer 64

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

Question 65

When are neutrophils elevated? What is their function

Answer 65

Increase in bacterial infection Release antimicrobial chemicals

Question 66

When are lymphocytes elevated? What is function

Answer 66

with infections Destroy cancer, and viral infected cells Provide immune memory (memory cell lines)

Question 67

When are monocytes elevated? What is their function?

Answer 67

Increase number with infection Become macrophages Phagocytize pathogen and immune clearance Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

Question 68

When are eosinophils elevated? What is their function

Answer 68

Increase with parasite infection and allergies Phagocytize antibody complexes, allergens, inflammatory chemicals Release enzyme to destroy parasites

Question 69

When are basophils elevated? What is their function

Answer 69

Initiate immune response Increased with chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes, Secrete histamine(vasodilator) and heparin(anticoagulant)

Question 70

Which WBC is the most abundant?

Answer 70

Neutrophils

Question 71

Which WBC is the least abundant?

Answer 71

Basophils

Question 72

What is leukemia?

Answer 72

cancer of hematopoietic tissue usually producing excessive leukocytes

Question 73

What is leukopenia?

Answer 73

leukocyte disorder characterized by low WBC count

Question 74

What is leukocytosis?

Answer 74

leukocyte disorder characterized by high WBC count

Question 75

What is hemostasis?

Answer 75

process to stop bleeding

Question 76

What are the mechanisms involved in hemostasis?

Answer 76

1. Vascular spasm, 2. Platelet plug formation, 3. Blood clotting

Question 77

What is included in a complete blood count (CBC)?

Answer 77

Hematocrit, Hemoglobin concentration, Total count for RBCs, reticulocytes, WBCs, and platelets, Differential WBC count, RBC size and hemoglobin concentration per RBC

Question 78

What is thrombopoiesis?

Answer 78

production of platelets

Question 79

What triggers thrombopoiesis?

Answer 79

Thrombopoietin

Question 80

Which clotting pathway allows the body to take the fewest steps to stop bleeding?

Answer 80

Extrinsic mechanisms

Question 81

How are blood clots dissolved after tissue repair is complete?

Answer 81

Fibrinolysis produces plasmin to dissolve clot

Question 82

What are the mechanisms to prevent inappropriate clotting?

Answer 82

1. Platelet repulsion, 2. Dilution, 3. Anticoagulants

Question 83

What is heparin?

Answer 83

Naturally occurring anti-coagulant

Question 84

What is hemophilia?

Answer 84

failure of blood to clot due to missing a clotting factor

Question 85

What are the coagulation disorders?

Answer 85

Thrombosis, Hemophilia

Question 86

How do we clinically prevent clots?

Answer 86

Vitamin K antagonists such as coumarin, warfarin (Coumadin)

Question 87

How do we clinically dissolve existing clots?

Answer 87

Streptokinase, Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), Hementin