Lymphatic system Flashcards
What are microorganisms that reside on and in the human body called?
Microbiome
The term refers to the diverse range of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes that inhabit the human body.
What is the immune system?
Cell population that inhabits all organs and defends the body from pathogens
The immune system plays a critical role in protecting the body from infections and diseases.
What are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?
- Fluid recovery
- Immune Surveillance
- Lipid absorption
These functions are essential for maintaining fluid balance, monitoring for pathogens, and absorbing dietary fats.
What is lymph?
Clear, colorless fluid similar to plasma, but with much less proteins
Lymph is crucial for transporting immune cells and draining excess interstitial fluid.
Where are lymphatic capillaries found?
In almost all tissues of the body
Lymphatic capillaries are essential for collecting interstitial fluid and initiating lymph flow.
What are the three layers of lymphatic vessels?
- Tunica interna
- Tunica media
- Tunica externa
These layers are similar to those found in arteries and veins, providing structural support.
What is the flow path of lymph?
Lymphatic capillaries 🡪 collecting vessels 🡪 11 lymphatic trunk 🡪 2 collecting ducts (right lymphatic and thoracic) 🡪 subclavian veins
This pathway is crucial for returning lymph to the circulatory system.
What are neutrophils?
Antibacterial cells, that are part of inate immune response.
Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell essential for the innate immune response.
What are the primary lymphatic organs? and what does it mean to be a primary lymphatic organ?
- Red bone marrow: platelets, WBC, Hematopeosis, sinuses for blood to enter bloodstream
- Thymus: Maturation of T lymphocytes
Primary lymphatic organs are where cells BECOME immunocompetent (able to recognize and respond to antigens)
These organs are where immune cells become immunocompetent.
What is lymphadenitis?
Swollen, painful lymph node responding to foreign antigen
This condition indicates that the immune system is actively fighting an infection.
What is our immune systems the 3 lines of defense against a pathogen
first line: Skin and mucous membranes
Second line:Nonspecific immunity, protects against pathogens that break the skin and mucous membrane barrier
Third line: specific adaptive immunity, targets specific pathogen and provides memory
What is innate immunity?
Defenses we are born with; protect us from a broad spectrum of disease agents.
Nonspecific, local effect at invasion point, lack memory
What are the four cardinal signs of inflammation?
- Redness
- Swelling
- Heat
- Pain
These signs indicate an active immune response to injury or infection.
What is the role of antibodies?
Defensive proteins in plasma
Antibodies help identify and neutralize foreign objects like bacteria and viruses.
What is the function of the spleen?
- Erythrocyte graveyard
- Blood cell production in fetus
- Immunity
The spleen plays multiple roles in filtering blood and supporting the immune system.
What is natural active immunity?
Produce antibodies/T cells as a result of a natural infection (sickness)
This type of immunity is developed through natural exposure to pathogens.
What is the difference between positive and negative selection in T lymphocytes?
- Positive selection: ensures T cells respond to foreign antigens
- Negative selection: ensures T cells do not react to self-antigens
These selection processes are critical for developing a functional and self-tolerant immune system.
What triggers the secondary immune response?
Re-exposure to the same pathogen
This response is typically faster and more robust due to memory cells.
What is the main antibody in the primary immune response?
IgM
IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection.
What are the types of hypersensitivity?
- Type I: acute (e.g., allergies)
- Type II: cytotoxic
- Type III: immune complex
- Type IV: delayed
These hypersensitivity reactions can lead to various allergic and autoimmune conditions.
What is antibody titer?
Level of antibodies in the blood plasma
What occurs during the primary immune response?
First exposure, longer time to produce antibodies (IgM), and you feel sick
What is the secondary immune response?
Re-exposure, quick reaction time to increase antibody titer (IgG), usually no illness
Define hypersensitivity.
Excessive immune reaction against antigens most people tolerate