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Anatomy & Physiology 2 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete hormones?
Where do exocrine glands secrete hormones

A

Endocrine glands- Into the bloodstream
Exocrine glands- into ducts

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2
Q

Describe the difference between nervous system and endocrine system

A

Nervous system
- react quick, stop quick.
- quickly adapts to stimulus (response declines)
- specific and targeted (only affects at end of neuron where neurotransmitter released)

Endocrine system
- Wide spread and effects multiple organs
-react slow, effects can last days or longer
-adapt slowly (response persists)

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3
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to stimulate physiological responses in other tissues and organs

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4
Q

What are the 3 sub categories of hormones and what cells do they effect

A

Endocrine- released into blood stream
Paracrine- released into tissue fluid and act on neighbor cells within that tissue type. Short distances. ex:Histamine, nitric oxide
Autocrine- released, act on cells that secreted them (self). ex: Hepcidin

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5
Q

Name the 3 chemical classes of hormones

A

Peptides hormones- (Vasopressant, insulin, growth hormone)

Steroids Hormone- Sex steroids (testosterone, progesterone) and corticosteroids (Cortisol,)

Monoamines (biogenic amines)- (Epi. & Norepi., Dopamine), melatonin, thyroid hormone

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6
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A

Takes signal from brain and spinal cord and sends them to pituitary gland

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7
Q

Function of Pituitary gland

A

Takes signals from hypothalamus and sends signal to almost all other endocrine glands signaling to release hormones
Housed in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
2 parts with different embryonic origins functions: anterior and posterior pituitary

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8
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland and what do they do?

A

Anterior pituitary- Release TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone), LH (Luteinizing hormone, FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), GH (growth hormone), ACTH, Prolactin (PRL)
Posterior pituitary- release antidiuretic (vasopressin), oxytocin

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9
Q

Function of pineal gland

A

“Sleep gland”
Produce melatonin for sleep

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10
Q

Function of thyroid

A

Release T3, T4, Calcitonin
Regulate metabolism
Increase tissue growth
Regulate Blood Pressure

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11
Q

Function of Parathyroid

A

Located on thyroid
Release parathyroid hormone
Regulate Ca+ levels

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12
Q

Thymus

A

Involved in maturation of T-cells to allow T cells to go off into body and fight disease

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13
Q

Function of pancreas

A

Doesn’t receive signal from pituitary gland.
Secrete insulin and Glucagon.
Insulin- decrease blood sugar
Glucagon- stimulate liver to produce glucose (increase blood sugar)

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14
Q

Explain the adrenal glands

A

Found above kidneys
2 parts: Cortex-outer part. Medulla- inner part.
Cortex- steroid production (cortisol (stress response), aldosterone(fluid regulation))
Medulla- catacholamine production (epi. (Fight response)& norepi. (Rest/relax response))

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15
Q

Explain gonads

A

Testes & ovaries
Sex hormone
Ovaries- Estrogen, progesterone
Testes- testosterone

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16
Q

Gap junctions

A

pores in cell membrane that allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell

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17
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell

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18
Q

What are the 4 principle ways of cell communication

A
  1. Gap junctions
  2. Neurotransmitters
  3. Paracrines
  4. Hormones
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19
Q

Define Endocrine system

A

Glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones

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20
Q

Endocrinology

A

The study of the endocrine system and the diagnosis and treatment of disorders

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21
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Organs that are sources of hormones

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22
Q

name the organs of the Endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus, Pineal gland, pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Thymus, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Gonads

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23
Q

Explain exocrine glands

A
  • use ducts to carry secretions
  • Carry out extracellular effects (lubricate mucosal membranes, remove metabolic waste)
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24
Q

Explain Endocrine glands

A
  • Hormones secreted into bloodstream
  • no ducts
  • allow cell communication
    3 chemical categories: Peptides, steroids, monoamine
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25
Q

What organs are both endocrine and exocrine and what does this mean?

A

Pancreas and gonads
It means they release hormones into the bloodstream (endocrine) or into ducts (exocrine)

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26
Q

What hormones does the pancreas release? Is it endocrine or exocrine?

A

Digestive enzymes-exocrine
Insulin, glucagon- endocrine

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27
Q

What are some similarities between nervous system and endocrine system

A

Some chemicals function as both neurotransmitters and hormones. They give the same effect but differ in how widespread they are. (NorEpi, Dopamine, antidiuretic hormone)

They work together and regulate each other.

Neuroendocrine cells share characteristics with both systems

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28
Q

What are neuroendocrine cells?

A

Neuron like cells that secrete oxytocin into the blood.
Found in Hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary
Share characteristics of both nervous and endocrine system

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29
Q

What are target cells or target organs

A

Organs or cell to have a receptor for a hormone and can respond to it

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30
Q

Identify the hypothalamus, infundibulum, and anterior/posterior pituitary glands

A
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31
Q

Embryonically where does the Anterior pituitary come from and what kind of tissue is it

A

Pharynx (throat)
Glandular tissue

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32
Q

Embryonically where does the posterior pituitary come from and what kind of tissue is it.

A

Downgrowth of brain
Nervous tissue

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33
Q

Match the correct matching words.
Adenohypophysis
Neurohypophysis
Anterior pituitary
Posterior pituitary

A

Adenohypophysis - Anterior pituitary

Neurohypophysis - Posterior pituitary

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34
Q

Because Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) is made of glandular tissue describe how it releases hormones in to the body. How does the hypothalamus communication to the anterior pituitary

A

Glandular tissue secrete hormones, hormones go into blood vessels

HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM are the blood vessels that connect hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary and allow for transfer of hormones

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35
Q

Briefly explain the anterior pituitary. How does it communicate with the hypothalamus

A

Adenohypophysis
Glandular tissue. Embryonically from larynx
Uses Hypophyseal portal system to transport hormones to hypothalamus
Hypothalamic hormones regulate anterior pituitary cells

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36
Q

Because the posterior pituitary is nervous tissue, how does it communicate with the hypothalamus?

A

Nervous tissue use neurons to communicate

Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal tract is the commutation track used to communicate to hypothalamus

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37
Q

What hormone stimulates the release of gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)) from the anterior pituitary?
Is it stimulatory or inhibitory?
What organ produces it

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Stimulatory
Produced by the Hypothalamus

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38
Q

What is the function of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?
Is it stimulatory or inhibitory?

A

Stimulates release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) from anterior pituitary , and
Stimulate

TSH is also known as thyrotropin

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39
Q

what organs produces corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), What’s the effect?
Stimulating or inhibiting?

A

produced by Hypothalamus. function: stimulates release of Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, corticotropin) from anterior pituitary
Stimulating

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40
Q

what organs produces prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH), What’s the effect?
Stimulating or inhibiting?

A

produced by Hypothalamus
Function: Inhibits release of prolactin from anterior pituitary
Inhibiting

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41
Q

what organs produces Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), What’s the effect?
Stimulating or inhibiting?

A

Produced by Hypothalamus function: Stimulates release of Growth hormone (GH) from the anterior pituitary
Stimulating

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42
Q

what organs produces Somatostatin, What the effect?
Stimulating or inhibiting?

A

Produced by Hypothalamus. Inhibits release of GH and TSH from anterior pituitary

Inhibiting

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43
Q

What 8 hormones are produced by the hypothalamus

A

Gonadotropin- Releasing hormone (GnRH)
Thryotropin- Releasing hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin- Releasing hormone (CRH)
Prolactin- Inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Growth Hormone- Releasing hormone (GHRH)
Somatostatin
Oxytocin (OT)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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44
Q

What 6 hormones produced by the hypothalamus regulate the anterior pituitary

A

Gonadotropin- Releasing hormone (GnRH)
Thryotropin- Releasing hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin- Releasing hormone (CRH)
Prolactin- Inhibiting hormone (PIH)
Growth Hormone- Releasing hormone (GHRH)
Somatostatin

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45
Q

What 2 hormones produced by the hypothalamus regulate the posterior pituitary. And what part of the hypothalamus produces them?

A

Both are made by hypothalamus but STORED in posterior pituitary.

Oxytocin (OT) made in the paraventricular nuclei. Way to remember: POT
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) made in the Supraoptic nuclei
Way to remember (SADH)

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46
Q

What organ produces Oxytocin (OT)? what is its function, who does it target.

A

Produced by the hypothalamus and Posterior Pituitary
Function: Stimulates labor contractions, milk release and emotional bonding between partners
Targets Uterus and mammary glands, brain

Oxytocin plays a crucial role in childbirth and breastfeeding.

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47
Q

what part of the hypothalamus is Oxytocin produced? Where is it stored?

A

produced in the Paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus
Stored in the posterior pituitary until stimulated to release

The hypothalamus is a key brain region involved in hormone production.

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48
Q

What organ produces Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)? What is its function
What does it Target?

A

Produced by Hypothalamus function: Stimulates water retention by the kidneys
Targets the kidneys

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49
Q

What part of the hypothalamus is Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced? Where is it stored

A

Produced in the Supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus
Stored in the posterior pituitary until stimulated to release

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50
Q

What are the six major hormones synthesized and secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Growth hormone (GH) / somatotropin

The three other hormones are not specified in the provided text.

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51
Q

What organ produces Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) what is its function, who does it target. What stimulates its release.

A

Produced by anterior pituitary Function: Gamate production
Female: develop ovarian follicle (eggs)
Male: sperm production
Targets Gonads
Stimulated by GnRH

FSH plays a crucial role in reproductive processes.

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52
Q

What organ produces Luteinizing hormone (LH) what is its function, who does it target. What stimulates its release.

A

produced by anterior pituitary
Function: Male: increase testosterone
Female: Stimulate ovulation
Targets the Gonads
Stimulated by GnRH

LH is essential for reproductive health in both males and females.

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53
Q

What are FSH and LH collectively called?

A

Gonadotropins

They target the ovaries and testes (the gonads).

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54
Q

What organ produces Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) what is its function, who does it target. What stimulates its release.

A

produced by anterior pituitary Stimulate secretion of Thyroid hormone (TH) (T3,T4)
targets Thyroid Gland
Stimulated by TRH

TSH is critical for regulating metabolism.

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55
Q

What organ produces Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) what is its function and who is its target. What stimulates its release

A

produced by the Anterior pituitary
function: Secrete Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Targets the adrenal cortex
stimulated by CRH from the hypothalamus

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56
Q

What organ produces Prolactin (PRL) what is its function and who is its target. Does anything stimulate/ inhibit?

A

Produced by Anterior Pituitary
Function: stimulates mammary glands to produce milk.
Targets the mammary glands
can be inhibited by PIH

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57
Q

What organ produces Growth hormone (GH) what is its function and who is its target. Does anything stimulate/ inhibit?

A

produced by Anterior Pituitary
Function: Stimulate mitosis and cellular differentiation (tissue growth/ repair)
Targets many different organs
Stimulated by GHRH

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58
Q

What is negative feedback inhibition?

A

Increased target organ hormone levels inhibit release of hypothalamic and/or pituitary hormones

This mechanism helps maintain hormonal balance in the body.

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59
Q

What does negative feedback inhibition regulate?

A

Regulates hormone levels in the body

It ensures that hormone levels remain within a specific range.

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60
Q

What regulates posterior pituitary secretion of hormones?

A

Neuroendocrine reflex and Osmoreceptors
- Uterus stretching during childbirth cause increase release of oxytocin and continues until baby expelled

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61
Q

What organ produces Melatonin? What does it target? what is the function?

A

Produced by the Pineal gland
Targets the brain
Function: Promote sleep, circadian rhythm, antioxidant properties

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62
Q

what is Involution? What organs undergo this?

A

Shrinkage of an organ after age 7
Pineal gland, Thymus

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63
Q

What is function of Thymus? What is its target?

A

Secretes Thymopoietin, Thymosin, and Thymulin to aid in maturation of T cells and Immune defense.
Target: immune cells, lymphatic organs

64
Q

What hormones does the Thyroid produce? What is its function? what does it target

A

produces Thyroxine (T4), and Triiodothyronine (T3) and Calcitonin
Function: Increase metabolic rate, Increased O2 consumption, heat production, calorigenic effect
Target is systemic, lots of targets

65
Q

What is Calcitonin? Who produces it? What is the target and what effect does it have on that target?

A

Hormone produced by Parafollicular cells and C cells in the Thyroid.
Targets bones
Function: Stimulate osteoblast activity, reduce Ca2+ levels

66
Q

What organ produces Parathyroid hormone (PTH) what is its function and who is its target. Does anything stimulate/ inhibit?

A

Produced by the parathyroid glands in the thyroid.
Target: bones and digestive system
Function: increase blood Ca2+ levels

67
Q

What are antagonistic hormones

A

Hormones that have opposite effects.
Calcitonin and Parathyroid hormone have opposite effects

68
Q

What are the layers of the Adrenal cortex

A

Outer layer: Zona Glomerulosa
Middle layer: Zona Fasciculata
Inner Layer: Zona Reticularis

69
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Adrenal Gland (Suprarenal gland)

A

Adrenal cortex- outer layer
Adrenal medulla- inner layer

70
Q

What are Catecholamines? Who produces it? What is the target and what effect does it have on that target?

A

Catecholamines are Epinephrine & Norepinephrine.
Produced by the adrenal glands
Tagerts: systemic (all over body)
Function: Increases alertness. Fight/flight. Stimulates Glycogenolysis (breakdown glycogen to glucose) Increase BP, HR, airflow, blood flow to muscels, metabolic rate

71
Q

What are Corticosteroids (Corticoids) ? Who produces it?

A

Hormones produced by different layers Adrenal cortex.
Zona Glomerulosa, Zona Fasciculata, Zona Reticularis

72
Q

Name the layers of the Adrenal Cortex and the hormones they produce.

A

Zona Glomerulosa secrete Mineralocorticoids like Aldosterone
Zona Fasciculata secrete Glucocorticoids like cortisol and androgens (estradiol, testosterone…)
Zona Reticularis secrete Glucocorticoids and androgens (estradiol, testosterone…)

73
Q

Describe Aldosterone

A

Produced by Zona GLomerulosa
Function: retain sodium and Water. Increases blood volume and blood pressure
Target Kidneys

74
Q

Describe Cortisol

A

Produced by Zona Fasciculata. (middle zone of adrenal cortex)
Function: Adapt to stress, repair damaged tissue. Target is systemic (everywhere)

75
Q

Describe Androgens
Where produced, what is function, what is target?

A

Produced by Zona Reticularis and Zona Fasciculata
Function: during puberty stimulate hair growth, gland development, libido
Target: reproductive organs

76
Q

Describe Estradiol

A

Produced by Zona Reticularis and Zona Fasciculata
Function: during puberty stimulate hair growth, gland development, libido
Target: reproductive organs

77
Q

IS the pancreas exocrine or endocrine?

A

Primarily exocrine but also some endocrine cell clusters called pancreatic islets

78
Q

What are endocrine cell clusters found in the pancreas called, and what is their function

A

Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
Function: critically important regulation of Glycemia- blood glucose concentration

79
Q

What hormones are secreted from the Pancreatic islets. Specifically from alpha, beta, delta and PP cells?

A

Within the pancreatic islets of the pancreas, Alpha cells secrete Glucagon. Beta cells secrete insulin, Delta cells secrete Somatostatin, PP cells secrete Pancreatic polypeptide.

80
Q

What is the function of Glucagon, what does it target

A

Increase blood glucose between meals.
liver and adipose tissue

81
Q

What is the function of Insulin, what does it target

A

Decrease blood glucose. Stimulate cells to absorb glucose
Taget: all over b/c everywhere needs energy

82
Q

Are the gonads endocrine or exocrine?

A

Both
Exocrine product: eggs & sperm
Endocrine product: gonadal hormones (mostly steroids)

83
Q

What hormones are produced by ovarian hormones

A

Progesterone, Estradiol, Inhibit

84
Q

What hormones are produced by testicular hormones

A

Testosterone, Weaker androgens, estrogen, inhibin

85
Q

What is the function and target of Testosterone? What produces it?

A

Function: Sperm production, secondary sex characteristics, libido
Target: Reproductive system
Produced by testes

86
Q

What is the function and target of Inhibin? What produces it?

A

Function:Suppresses FSH secretion from anterior pituitary
Target: Anterior pituitary
Produced by testes and ovaries

87
Q

What is the function and target of Estrogen and Progesterone ? What produces it?

A

Function: Egg development, regulate menstral cycle, develop reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
Target: Reproductive system
Produced by ovaries

88
Q
A

protein hormones. Water soluble. Interact with receptors on cell surface.

lipid soluble, interact with receptors INSIDE cell.

amino acid derivatives. Can act on receptors inside or outside cell depending on configuration.

89
Q

Explain Steroid hormones

A

1 of 3 chemical classes of hormones.
Made from cholesterol (4 ring structure)
Sex steroids (testosterone, progesterone) from gonads and corticosteroids (Cortisol) from adrenals

90
Q

Explain monoamines

A

1 of 3 chemical classes of hormones.
Made of amino acids
Catecholamines (Epi. & Norepi., Dopamine), melatonin, thyroid hormone

91
Q

Explain Peptide Hormones

A

1 of 3 chemical classes of hormones.
Made of CHAINS of amino acids
Pituitary hormones, Insulin, Glucagon, Oxytocin

92
Q

How are peptide hormones synthesized

A

Gene transcribed to mRNA
peptide assembled from amino acids at ribosome
Rough ER and Golgi may modify peptide to form mature hormone

93
Q

How are monoamines synthesized. What is required when forming Thyroid hormones

A

Synthesized from tryptophan, or Tyrosine.
To form thyroid hormones (T3 & T4) iodine is needed

94
Q

How does hormone secretion flucuate?

A

some secreted daily (circadian rhythm)
Some monthly (ovarian cycle)
Some need a stimuli (neural, hormonal, Humoral stimuli)

95
Q

Explain Neural stimuli

A

Causes secretion of hormone
Nerve fibers supply endocrine glands like SympatheticNS and Adrenal medulla.
When stimulated secretes hormone

96
Q

Explain Hormonal Stimuli

A

Causes secretion of hormone
Hormones act as stimuli for other hormones
Hormones of Hypothalamus regulate hormone secretion of the anterior pituitary.

97
Q

Explain Humoral Stimuli

A

Cause secretion of stimuli
hormone secretion is dependent on blood stimuli. (High/low blood glucose, blood calcium, blood osmolarity)

98
Q

How do hormones transport across our body

A

In our blood

99
Q

Since hormones travel through our blood and blood is mostly made of water, Which class of hormone can travel freely through our blood and which need help.

A

Monoamines and Peptides are Hydrophilic so they can travel freely though blood

Steroids and Thyroid Hormones are Hydrophobic, they need transport proteins to move through blood (albumin, globulins)

100
Q

What are bound hormones

A

steroids or thyroid hormones that bind to a transport protein (albumin, Globulin) so they have a longer half life, and are protected from liver enzymes and kidney filtration

101
Q

How do steroids and thyroid hormones travel through blood

A

Bind to transport protein ( steroid-globulins, Thyroid hormone-albumin)
Protected from liver and kidney filtration
Unbound (free) hormones leave capillaries to reach target cell

102
Q

what are the 2 requirements for hormone receptors

A

they exhibit Specificity and Saturation (all receptors molecules occupied by that hormone)

103
Q

what class of hormones bind to the surface receptors of their target cells. Why is this?

A

Peptides and monoamines are hydrophilic so they can’t cross the cell membrane.
They bind to surface receptors and active second messengers to illicit QUICK hormonal effects and doesn’t depend on cell synthesizing new proteins

104
Q

What class of hormones binds to receptors on the inside of the target cell? How does this happen

A

Steroids are hydrophobic and can pass through the cell membrane, attaching to receptors in nucleus or cytosol.

105
Q

What are the 3 major second messengers associated used when peptides or monoamines attached to a targets receptor

A

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
(cAMP)
Diacyglycerol (DAG)
Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)

106
Q

Which class or hormones take several hours to days to show effects? Why is this

A

Steroid and Thyroid hormones
Once bound with receptor in nucleus, receptor interacts with target gene to transcribe and translate gene into protein to finally induce effect (Slow to synthesize protein)

107
Q

Describe Signal Amplification (cascade effect)

A

One hormone molecule triggers synthesis of large number of enzyme molecules.
Hormones are very potent, Small number of hormones have huge effect

108
Q

Are circulating hormone concentrations in the blood low or high

A

Low concentration
Hormones are very potent and cause cascade effect

109
Q

What class of hormones need to synthesize a protein to illicit metabolic change

A

Steroids and thyroid hormones

110
Q

For hormones, how can you alter a target cell sensitivity

A

Up-regulation- Increase # receptors (more sensitive, more response)
Down-regulation- reduce # receptors (less sensitive, decrease response)

111
Q

What 3 interactions can occur when hormones target the same cell

A

Synergistic effects- multiple hormones act together increase effect
Permissive effects- one hormone enhances target organs response to a second later hormone
Antagonistic effects- One hormone opposes the action of another

112
Q

What is metabolic clearance rate (MCR)

A

rate of hormone removal from the blood

113
Q

How are endocrine hormones cleared from the blood

A

Taken up by liver, filtered by kidney and excreted in bile or urine.
Slow process because steroids and thyroid hormones are bound to transport proteins which protect them from this process.

114
Q

What is Half-Life

A

Time it takes to clear 50% of hormone from blood

115
Q

If a hormone has a fast MCR does it have a short or long half-life?

A

Short half life.

116
Q

What does a short half life mean when talking about metabolic clearance rate?

A

Short half life = fast metabolic clearance rate
Long half life= long metabolic clearance rate (present longer)

117
Q

Define stress

A

Situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one’s physical or emotional well-being

118
Q

How does our body react to stress?

A

predictable stress response called General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

119
Q

what is the General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

predictable stress response. Typically involves elevated epinephrine, and cortisol.
Occurs in three stages: Alarm reaction, State of resistance, state of exhaustion

120
Q

What are the three stages to General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Alarm reaction,
State of resistance,
state of exhaustion

121
Q

During our stress response what happens during the Alarm reaction

A

Initial response to stress
Activate Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) (fight/flight)
Elevated Epinephrine, and Norepinepherine from Adrenal medulla and SNS
Stored glycogen consumed
Increase Aldosterone (NA+ and water retention) and Angiotensin (raise BP) levels

122
Q

During our stress response what happens during the Stage of resistance

A

Second stage after few hours and stressor not resolved.
Provides alternative fuels for metabolism. Cortisol
Hypothalamus release CRH, Pituitary secrete ACTH = Secrete CORTISOL
Breakdown fat & protein for glucose energy

123
Q

What is the effects of increased Cortisol in the body

A

Glucose sparing effect- Inhibit protein synthesis
Depress immune function
Increased susceptibility to infection and ulcers.
Lymphoid tissue atrophy, wounds heal poorly, antibody levels drop

124
Q

During our stress response what happens during the Stage of exhaustion

A

Stress continue for months, may lead to rapid decline and death.
Fat reserve gone, start breaking down muscle.
Aldosterone causes water retention and Hypertension.
Increase BP, Hypokalemia (low K+), Alkalosis (high pH)

125
Q

T or F
A single chemical can is either a hormone, paracrine, or neurotransmitter. I can’t be more than one

A

F
A single chemical can act as a hormone, paracrine, or neurotransmitter in different locations

126
Q

What is an Eicosanoids

A

paracrine secretion for pain.
derived from arachidonic acid, lipoxygenase converts acid to Leukotrienes to mediate allergic and inflammatory response

127
Q

Fill in the blank
________ converts arachidonic acid to _____________ to helps to mediate allergic and inflammatory response

A

Lipoxygenase converts arachidonic acid to Leukotrienes to helps to mediate allergic and inflammatory response

128
Q

What 2 enzymes can convert Arachidonic acid found in Eicosanoids to help with pain

A

Lipoxygenase creates Leukotrienes to mediate allergic and inflammatory response.
Cyclooxygenase creates Prostacyclin, Thromboxanes, and Prostaglandins (PG)

129
Q

When the enzyme the enzyme Cyclooxygenase interacts with Arachidonic acid, what 3 products can be formed

A

Prostacyclin
Thromboxanes
Prostaglandins (PG)

130
Q

What effect does Prostacyclin have as a Eicosanoid

A

Inhibit blood clotting and Vasoconstriction

131
Q

What effect do Thromboxanes have as a Eicosanoid

A

Override prostacyclin and stimulate vasoconstriction, clotting

132
Q

What effect do Prostaglandins (PG) have as a Eicosanoid

A

Diverse group with diverse roles
Relax smooth muscle in bladder, intestines, bronchioles, uterus. Stimulate construction of blood vessels

133
Q

What is one way to stop the production of Leukotrienes and the production of Prostacyclin, Thromboxanes, and Prostaglandins (PG)

A

Cortisol and steroid anti-inflamatory drugs (SAIDs) block Phospholipase A2 stopping the production of Arachidonic acid so Lipoxygenase and Cyclooxygenase have nothing to convert. Stopping the pathway

134
Q

What is one way to stop the production of Prostacyclin, Thromboxanes, Prostaglandins (PG) while still producing Leukotrienes.

A

NSAID’s (nonsteroidal aint-inflamatory drugs) block Cyclooxygenase stopping the production of Prostacyclin, Thromboxanes, Prostaglandins (PG)

135
Q

What are SAID’s

A

Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Inhibit inflammation by blocking release arachidonic acid and inhibiting syntheses of eicosandoids.

136
Q

What is the disadvantages of SAIDs

A

Produce symptoms of Cushings Syndrome

137
Q

examples of NSAIDs

A

Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Celebrex

138
Q

What are NSAIDs

A

Nonsteroidal aint-inflamatory drugs.
Cox inhibitors blocks cyclooxygenase function.
Useful in treatment of fever and thrombosis.
Still allows for production of Leukotriene

139
Q

Examples of SAIDs

A

Cortisol, Corticosterone

140
Q

What is Hyposecretion

A

Inadequate hormone release not enough hormone.
Leads to hormone disorder

141
Q

What is Hypersecretion

A

Excessive hormone release.
Leads to hormone disorder

142
Q

What is Diabetes Insipidus

A

Hormone disorder
Hyposecretion of ADH
Effect: unable to retain water, constant urinate, Thirsty.

143
Q

What is a Pheochromocytoma

A

Hormone disorder
Tumor in adrenal medulla leads to excessive Epi. and Norepi.
Hypersecretion of Epi. and Norepi.
Effect: constant fight/ flight jitter

144
Q

What is Toxic goiter (Graves Disease)

A

Hormone disorder
Autoantibodies mimic TSH on thyroid causing Hypersecretion of Thyroid hormone

145
Q

What is Gigantism

A

Pituitary Hormone disorder
Hypersecretion of GH during childhood lead to excessive growth before bone plates close

146
Q

WHat is Pituitary dwarfism

A

Pituitary Hormone disorder
Hyposecretion of GH during childhood leading to shorter stature.

147
Q

What is Acremgaly

A

Pituitary Hormone disorder
Hypersecretion of GH during adulthood leading to Thickening on bones

148
Q

what is Congenital Hypothyroidism

A

Thyroid hormone disease
Hyposecretion of TH from birth

149
Q

What is Myxedema

A

Thyroid hormone disease
Hyposecretion of TH into adulthood

150
Q

What is Endemic Goiter

A

Thyroid hormone disease.
Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone due to lack of dietary iodine.
Enlargement of thyroid gland

151
Q

what is Hypoparathyroidism

A

Parathyroid hormone disease
Hyposecretion of PTH, usually due to removal of parathyroid.
Decrease blood Ca2+ levels

152
Q

what is Hyperparathyroidism

A

Parathyroid hormone disease
Hypersecretion of PTH
usually caused by parathyroid tumor
blood Ca2+ and phosphate levels increase. soft bones

153
Q

What is Cushing syndrome

A

Adrenal hormone disorder
Hypersecretion of ACTH. Excess cortisol secretion.
Lead to hyperglycemia, hypertension, weakness, edema, muscle and bone loss
MOON FACE and BUFFALO HUMP

154
Q

What is Adrenogenital syndrome (AGS)

A

Adrenal hormone disorder
Hypersecretion of androgen
Enlargement of sex organs, early puberty, male effects on woman

155
Q

Fill in the blank

156
Q

Fill in the blank

157
Q

What type of feedback controls most endocrine hormones?

A

Negative feedback
(to much stop making it, to little make more)

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (7 decks)

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