Endocrine System Flashcards
Where do endocrine glands secrete hormones?
Where do exocrine glands secrete hormones
Endocrine glands- Into the bloodstream
Exocrine glands- into ducts
Describe the difference between nervous system and endocrine system
Nervous system
- react quick, stop quick.
- quickly adapts to stimulus (response declines)
- specific and targeted (only affects at end of neuron where neurotransmitter released)
Endocrine system
- Wide spread and effects multiple organs
-react slow, effects can last days or longer
-adapt slowly (response persists)
What are hormones
Chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream to stimulate physiological responses in other tissues and organs
What are the 3 sub categories of hormones and what cells do they effect
Endocrine- released into blood stream
Paracrine- released into tissue fluid and act on neighbor cells within that tissue type. Short distances. ex:Histamine, nitric oxide
Autocrine- released, act on cells that secreted them (self). ex: Hepcidin
Name the 3 chemical classes of hormones
Peptides hormones- (Vasopressant, insulin, growth hormone)
Steroids Hormone- Sex steroids (testosterone, progesterone) and corticosteroids (Cortisol,)
Monoamines (biogenic amines)- (Epi. & Norepi., Dopamine), melatonin, thyroid hormone
Function of Hypothalamus
Takes signal from brain and spinal cord and sends them to pituitary gland
Function of Pituitary gland
Takes signals from hypothalamus and sends signal to almost all other endocrine glands signaling to release hormones
Housed in sella turcica of sphenoid bone
2 parts with different embryonic origins functions: anterior and posterior pituitary
What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland and what do they do?
Anterior pituitary- Release TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone), LH (Luteinizing hormone, FSH (follicle stimulating hormone), GH (growth hormone), ACTH, Prolactin (PRL)
Posterior pituitary- release antidiuretic (vasopressin), oxytocin
Function of pineal gland
“Sleep gland”
Produce melatonin for sleep
Function of thyroid
Release T3, T4, Calcitonin
Regulate metabolism
Increase tissue growth
Regulate Blood Pressure
Function of Parathyroid
Located on thyroid
Release parathyroid hormone
Regulate Ca+ levels
Thymus
Involved in maturation of T-cells to allow T cells to go off into body and fight disease
Function of pancreas
Doesn’t receive signal from pituitary gland.
Secrete insulin and Glucagon.
Insulin- decrease blood sugar
Glucagon- stimulate liver to produce glucose (increase blood sugar)
Explain the adrenal glands
Found above kidneys
2 parts: Cortex-outer part. Medulla- inner part.
Cortex- steroid production (cortisol (stress response), aldosterone(fluid regulation))
Medulla- catacholamine production (epi. (Fight response)& norepi. (Rest/relax response))
Explain gonads
Testes & ovaries
Sex hormone
Ovaries- Estrogen, progesterone
Testes- testosterone
Gap junctions
pores in cell membrane that allow signaling molecules, nutrients, and electrolytes to move from cell to cell
Neurotransmitter
Released from neurons to travel across synaptic cleft to second cell
What are the 4 principle ways of cell communication
- Gap junctions
- Neurotransmitters
- Paracrines
- Hormones
Define Endocrine system
Glands, tissues, and cells that secrete hormones
Endocrinology
The study of the endocrine system and the diagnosis and treatment of disorders
Endocrine glands
Organs that are sources of hormones
name the organs of the Endocrine system
Hypothalamus, Pineal gland, pituitary gland, Thyroid gland, Parathyroid gland, Thymus, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Gonads
Explain exocrine glands
- use ducts to carry secretions
- Carry out extracellular effects (lubricate mucosal membranes, remove metabolic waste)
Explain Endocrine glands
- Hormones secreted into bloodstream
- no ducts
- allow cell communication
3 chemical categories: Peptides, steroids, monoamine