Blood Flashcards
What are the components of the circulatory system?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood
What does the cardiovascular system refer to?
Heart and blood vessels only
What is the study of blood called?
Hematology
Circulatory system function
Transport—carry O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes(urea), hormones, and stem cells
Protection—inflammation, limit spread of infection (globulins), destroy microorganisms and cancer cells (WBCs), neutralize toxins, and initiate clotting(platelets)
Regulation—fluid balance (water and electrolight), stabilizes pH of ECF, and temperature control
What are the main componenets of Blood
Plasma—matrix of blood; clear, light yellow fluid
Formed elements—cells and cell fragments (Erythrocytes (RBC), Platelets/Thrombocytes (fragments of bone marrow cells, Leukocytes(white blood cells))
what are Granulocytes
classification of WBCs
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
what are agranulocytes
CLassification of WBCs
Lymphocytes, monocytes
what is Blood fractionation. What is the order that blood components will settle
separation of blood into basic components; based on centrifugation and coagulation
RBC settle first b/c heaviest(bottom) (45%)
WBC & Platlets in middle (1%)
Plasma at top (55%)
Hematocrit
total volume of whole blood that is red blood cells. % of red blood cells
WHat is refered to as the Buffy coat
the WBCs and platelets component of blood after seperation that looks narrow and cream colored
Blood serum
plasma without the clotting proteins
what are the 6 components of Plasma
PLASMA PROTEINS, (albumin,globulin,fibrinogen), Nitrogen waste, water, Nutrients, Dissolved gasses, Electrolytes
what are the 3 major plasma protein categories
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
What are albumins?
Smallest and most abundant proteins in plasma,
Transport solutes, buffer pH, contribute to Viscosity (thickness of blood), and Osmotic pressure (Blood pressure)
Albumins play a crucial role in transporting solutes and buffering plasma pH.
What are the primary functions of albumins?
Transport of solutes and buffering plasma pH. Give blood its Viscosity, and help with Osmotic pressure (Blood pressure)
They also contribute significantly to viscosity and osmotic pressure.
What are globulins?
A group of proteins in plasma with three subclasses: alpha, beta, and gamma globulins
help with immunity, solute transport, and blood clotting
Globulins are involved in solute transport, clotting, and immunity.
What is fibrinogen?
precursor of fibrin,
protein that forms the framework of a blood clot
Fibrinogen is crucial for the clotting process.
What is the nitrogenous waste found in blood and what happens to it
Urea
Removed in the kidneys
what dissolved gasses are found in blood
O2, CO2, nitrogen
what is the major electrolyte found it blood plasma
Na+
What is Viscosity and what are the main contributors to it
Resistance of a fluid to flow (it’s “thickness” or “stickiness”)
RBCs and albumin are major contributors to blood viscosity
what is Osmolarity
total concentration of solute particles. (How concentrated plasma is)
How is Osmolarity regulated
regulation of Na+, proteins, RBC
Why is Osmolarity important
Directly controls Blood pressure by regulating water balance
If too high, blood absorbs too much water, increasing the blood pressure
If too low, too much water stays in tissue, blood pressure drops, and edema occurs
what is Colloid osmotic pressure (COP)
contribution of protein on blood osmotic pressure; plays important role in water balance
Hypoproteinemia
deficiency of plasma proteins
fluid will leave blood and move into tissue, cuasing tissue swell and fluid accumulation in abdomen
caused by extreme starvation,severe burns, kidney disease
Hematopoiesis
production of blood, especially its formed elements
RBC, WBC, platlets
what tissue produced Blood cells
Hematopoietic tissues
How are blood cells produced embryonically
embrionically, Yolk sac produces stem cells for first blood cell. then go to bone marrow, liver, spleen, and thymus. At birth liver stops producing blood cells, and Spleen and thymus help with WBC production
Lymphoid hematopoiesis
blood formation in the lymphoid organs (spleen and Thymus)
mainly WBCs
Myeloid hematopoiesis
blood formation in the red bone marrow
RBCs, WBCs,platlets
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
stem cells in bone marrow that can become many different things
stay in bone marrow until signal to become “Colony forming unit (CFU’s) to become specific type of formed element
Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs) function
Function to transport gasses
Carry oxygen from lungs to tissues
Carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
Structure of a RBC
Lose nearly all organelles during development.
No Mitochondria
No nucleus, or DNA
WHy is it important that RBCs dont contain mitochondria
if they did the Oxygen the RBC carries would be turned into ATP and we couldnt transport oxygen
What is the molecule in RBCs that carry Oxygen
Hemoglobin
make up 33% of RBC
280 million molecules in RBC
red pigment
Hemoglobin
make up 33% of RBC
280 million molecules in RBC
red pigment to blood
O2, CO2 transport and buffer blood pH
Carbonic anhydrase (CAH)
found in RBC cytoplasm
forms carbonic acid by CO2+H20= H2CO3
important for holding O2 in blood
What are Glycolipids
Markers on outside surface of RBC to identify Blood type
what are Cytoskeletal Proteins
Proteins found on inner membrane of RBC. Provide durability, flexibility to RBC
Spectrin and Actin
Hemoglobin Structure
4 protein chains called Globulins (2alpha,2beta)
Heme group for each chain
Ferrous Ion(Fe2+) at center of heme that attaches oxygen
280million hemoglobin molecules X 4 oxygen molecules= 1,120,000 oxygen molecules
what are fetal hemoglobins
Hemoglobin that uses 2 gamma chains instead of Beta chains
WHat are the 3 ways of measuring how much oxygen blood can carry
(Erythrocytes and Hemolgobin)
Hematocrit (packed cell volume, PCV)- percent of RBC
Hemoglobin concentration- amount hemoglobin in RBC
RBC count- number RBC
Name 3 reasons why oxygen carrying capacity is higher in men than women
androgens stimulate RBC production (testosterone)
Women periodic menstral loss
Hematocrit inversely proportional to body fat percent
Erythropoiesis
erythrocyte production (RBC only)
IRON is key requirement
Explain the steps in forming Erythrocytes (Erythropoiesis)
Hematopoietic stem cell becomes Erythrocyte colony forming unit (CFU). Receptors on cell for Erythropoietin (EPO) (hormone from kidney) once bound stimulates formation of Erythroblast, synthesize hemoglobin, discards nucleus and organelles and becomes Reticulocyte, leave bone marrow and become RBC (Erythrocytes)
What is Erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone from kidney that change Erythrocyte CFUs into Erythroblasts in the formation of Erythrocytes.
How are Erythrocytes regulated?
Negative feeedback
low RBC means low O2 which is detected by kidneys. Kidneys increase Erythropoietin (EPO) thus increasing RBC production.
Can take several days
what is Hypoxemia
Oxygen defiency in blood
Wat is the key nutritional requirements for Erythropoiesis
Dietary Iron
Ferric Fe3+ & Fe2+
What nutrients are required for Erythropoiesis
IRON, Vitamin B12, folic acid, vitamin C, copper
WHat role does Vitamin B12, and folic acid play in Erythropoiesis
Required for the rapid cell division and DNA synthesis
WHat role does Vitamin C, and copper play in Erythropoiesis
Cofactors for enzymes synthesizing hemoglobin
What is role of Gastroferritin
Binds to dietary Iron Fe2+ in stomach and transports it to small intestine
how are Erythrocytes disposed of and recycled
after 120 days RBC proteins deteriorate and rupture (hemolysis) in narrow channels of spleen and liver.
See image for how hemoglobin is recycled
Primary polycythemia (polycythemia vera)
Erythrocyte disorder
RBC excess due to cancer of erythropoietic line in bone marrow
Secondary polycythemia
Erythrocyte disorder
increased RBC count due to some other factor.
Not always bad
What is dangerous about having elevated RBC count
Can increase Blood volume, blood pressure, viscosity, causing more work on heart and vessels to circulate blood.
Anemia
Erythrocyte disorder
deficiency of either RBCs or hemoglobin.
Hemorrhagic anemia
from bleeding: trauma, bleeding disorders
Hemolytic anemia
from RBC destruction: drug reactions, poisoning, infections, hereditary defects, blood type incompatibilities
Examples of inadequate erythropoiesis anemias:
Kidney failure and insufficient erythropoietin
Iron-deficiency anemia—lack of iron due to blood loss, inadequate in diet
Pernicious anemia—autoimmune attack of stomach tissue leads to inadequate intrinsic factor production (important for absorbing Vitamin B12)
Hypoplastic anemia
erythropoiesis
production slows down
Aplastic anemia
erythropoiesis
stops so cant make more RBCs
Consequences of Anemia
Hypoxia (tissue oxygen deprivation and necrosis)
Reduced blood osmolarity (water moves into tissue “edema”)
Low blood volume and pressure (drop BP)
Sickle-cell disease
hereditary hemoglobin defect
alter RBC shape to half moon and sticky blocking vessels and not carry enough O2
Lead to kidney, heart failure, stroke
having only one allele make immune
What blood type is universal Recipient for recieving blood (only RBCs) ? why is this? Is this blood types plasma also universal?
Universal Blood recipient Type AB
b/c they have both A&B antigens to recieve any type of blood.
Type AB plamsa is not universal, because they have antigen A and B if a recipient has antibody A or B then it would agglutinate.
difference between Whole blood, plasma and packed cells
Whole blood- RBC and plasma
Plasma- just plasma
Packed cells- RBC only
What blood type is referred to as the Universal donor for blood.
WHat blood type is universal donor for plasma
Universal donor for blood: Type O
Universal donor for plasma: Type AB
this is because Type O doesnt have antigiens so there wont be a reaction if mixed with others, but it does have both anit-A and Anti-B antibodies so if its donating plamsa could lead to aggulation
Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN),
erythroblastosis fetalis
Occur when Rh- mother exposed to Rh+ fetal blood during pregnancy and mom starts forming anti-D antibodies. Okay for first pregnancy. For next child, mom now has anti-D antibodies and can agglutinate with D antigens from baby.
RhoGAM given to pregnant mothers to prevent formation of Anti-D antibodies
Leukocyte
WBCs
Protect against infection
Least abundant
Large and have nucleus
retain organelles for protein synthesis
Granules in cytoplasm (pockets of enzymes)
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Granulocytes
contain specific granules and include three types of WBCs:
Neutrophills
Eosinophils
Basophils
Neutrophills
Neutrophills- 3-5 lobed nucleus, numbers increase in bacterial infection, Phagocytize bacteria, granules release antimicrobial chemicals at surface
60-70% of circulating leukocytes
Eosinophils
2-4% of leukocytes
bilobed (two lobes) nucleus
Numbers flucuate from day-night, menstral cycle and seasonally
increase numbers with parasite infection, allergies, spleen/ collagen disease
Phagocytize antigen–antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals
Granules release anti parasitic enzyme
Basophils
> .5% of leukocytes
S or U shaped nucleus. contain dark purple or black granules.
The nucleus is usually bilobed (two lobes).
Initiate immune response
Numbers increase in chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes
Granules secrete Heparin (anticoagulant) and Histamine (Vasodilator) to activate other immune cells
Agranulocytes
lack specific granules and include two types of WBCs:
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
25-33% of leukocytes
a round nucleus that fills most of the cytoplasm
Increase number with infections
Destroy cancer, foreign, and virally infected cells
Antigen presenting cells (APCs): activate specific immunity
Memory cell lines for specific immunity
Monocytes
3-8% of Leukocytes
Largest WBC, Kidney/ horseshoe shaped nucleus that fills half of the cytoplasm.
increase number with infection, and inflamation
Leave bloodstream and change into Macrophages
activate specific immunity response
Phagocytize pathogens and debris-immune clearance
List the WBC types from most abundant to least abundant
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
give the steps in Leukopoiesis (formation of white blood cells)
Hematopoietic stem cells
Colony forming units (CFUs)
CFU then produce 1 of 3 cell lines
1. Myeloblasts- form Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
2. Monoblasts- form monocytes
3. Lymphoblasts- form all forms of lymphocytes
Leukopenia
leukocyte disorder
low WBC count
Causes: radiation, poisons, infectious disease
Effects: elevated risk of infection
below 5,000 WBCs/μL
Leukocytosis
leukocyte disorder
high WBC count
Causes: infection, allergy, disease
above 10,000 WBCs/μL
Leukemia
leukocyte disorder
cancer of hematopoietic tissue usually producing excessive leukocytes
Types of Leukemia
Myeloid leukemia—uncontrolled granulocyte production
Lymphoid leukemia—uncontrolled lymphocyte or monocyte production
Acute leukemia—appears suddenly, progresses rapidly, death within months
Chronic leukemia—undetected for months, survival time 3 years
what data values are looked at in a complete blood count (CBC)
Hematocrit
Hemoglobin concentration
Total count for RBCs, reticulocytes, WBCs, and platelets.
Differential WBC count
RBC size and hemoglobin concentration per RBC
Hemostasis
the cessation of bleeding; involves platelets
Platelets
small fragments of megakaryocytes that are in blood.
No nucleus
Contain granules with platelet secretions
Open canalicular system (internal system of channels that open onto platelet surface)
Main function blood clotting
stored in spleen
130,000 to 400,000 platelets/μL
What is the function of Platelets
Secrete vasoconstrictors to reduce blood loss
stick together form platelet plugs for blood clot
Secrete procoagulants for clotting
Initiate clot-dissolving enzyme
attract WBC to prevent infection
Phagocytize bacteria
Secrete Growth Factors to repair blood vessels
ExplainThrombopoiesis
production of platelets
Thrombopoietin triggers stem cells to become megakaryoblasts.
form megakaryocytes (proplatelets) that repeatedly replicate DNA without dividing.
Cytoplasm tendrils (proplatelets) protrude into blood sinusoids.
blood flow causes split off and form platelets
Circulate for 5-6 days
Stored in spleen
What are the 3 mechanisms of stopping blood loss (Hemostasis)
- vascular spasm: constricts vessel to limit blood loss
- platelet plug formation: Platelets stick to collagen fiber and eachother to stop blood loss,
- Blood clotting (coagulation): Fibrin threads form blood clot
Explain Vascular spasm
mechanism for stopping blood loss
Constrict broken blood vessel
Most immediate response to blood loss
Causes: Stimulation of nociceptors(pain receptors), injury, nearby platelet release erotonin (vasoconstrictor)
Explain Platelet plug formation
mechanism for stopping blood loss
Broken blood vessels expose collagen so platelets can draw together and form platelet plug.
Excrete serontonin(vasoconstrictor), ADP (attract more platelets), Thromboxane A2 (eicosanoid to help)
POSITIVE FEEDBACK cycle
explain Coagulation (clotting)
mechanism for stopping blood loss
Last and most effective defense against bleeding
fibrinogen into fibrin to form framework of clot
what are Procoagulants
clotting factors
Present in plasma
Usually produced by the liver
what are the two reaction pathways to coagulation and breifly describe
Extrinsic mechanism- signal from outside. Faster, fewer steps
Intrinsic mechanism- longer pathways, longer to form blood clot
How are blood clots dissolved after tissue repair is complete?
Fibrinolysis- process of dissolving a clot
platelet derived growth factors produce plasmin to dissolve clot
How does your body prevent inappropriate clotting? 3 mechanisms
Platelet repulsion: platelets cant stick to endothelium
Dilution: Thrombin diluted by blood flow to prevent spontaneous clotting
Anticoagulants: Antithrombin and Heparin stop thrombin from starting blood clot
Hemophilia
a family of hereditary diseases characterized by deficiencies of one clotting factor or another
failure of blood to clot
Thrombosis
abnormal formation of a clot (thrombus) in unbroken vessel
clot that travels through blood is called embolus
How do we clinically prevent clots?
Vitamin K antagonists such as coumarin, warfarin (Coumadin) to prevent clots.
Dissolving clots already formed: Streptokinase (in coronary vessels), Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) (clot dissolving plasmin), Hementin (anticoagulation from leech)
How do we clinically dissolve existing clots?
Dissolving clots already formed: Streptokinase (in coronary vessels), Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) (clot dissolving plasmin), Hementin (anticoagulation from leech)
What would increase erythropoiesis (causes of hypoxia)?
Causes of hypoxemia include:
Blood loss/low RBC count
High altitude
Increased exercise
Loss of lung tissue in emphysema
What is the rule when donating blood
Recipient antibodies can’t match donors antigens
What is the rule when donating plasma?
recipients antigen can’t match Donors antibodies
