PRACTICAL 1 Flashcards
1
Q
plasma
A
55%
2
Q
erythrocytes
A
45%
3
Q
leukocytes
A
3x larger than RBC, around body tissues and in blood
4
Q
granulocytes
A
neutrophils eosinophils basophils
5
Q
agranulocytes
A
lymphocytes monocytes
6
Q
neutrophil
A
abundant multilobed nuclei
7
Q
eosinophil
A
red or pink, bilobed nuclei
8
Q
basophil
A
black granules, bilobed nucleus
9
Q
lymphocytes
A
large/round nuclei
10
Q
monocytes
A
kidney shaped nuclei
11
Q
sickle cell anemia
A
crescent shaped RBC inherited hemoglobin B chain mutation less O2 carrying capacity, lack production of RBC
12
Q
sickle cell anemia hematocrit
A
less than normal because of decreased RBC production
13
Q
polycythemia
A
RBC more packed together, overactivity of EPO or testosterone/ decrease in plasma high bp or clots from viscosity
14
Q
infectious mononucleosis
A
atypical lymphocytes with abnormal nuclei, unusual shapes of cells, cytoplasmic skirting
15
Q
polycythemia hematocrit
A
higher than normal due to overproduction of RBC
16
Q
leukemia
A
unregulated overproduction of immature leukocytes
17
Q
myelogenous leukemia
A
bone marrow
18
Q
lymphocytic leukemia
A
lymphocytes
19
Q
leukemia hematocrit
A
lower than normal
20
Q
compensated blood loss hematocrit
A
lower, plasma increases because of water retention
21
Q
dehydration hematocrit
A
higher, less plasma
22
Q
doping hematocrit
A
higher, more RBC
23
Q
codominance
A
A + B antigens can be present
24
Q
hemagglutination
A
antibodies bind to 2 RBC which creates clumping can cause hemolysis and mass immune response
25
igG antibody
Rh blood; antigen-antibody, crosses placenta only AFTER exposure
26
IgM antibody
doesn't cross placenta
27
hemolytic disease
mother does not have Rh antibody in 1st pregnancy; develops Rh antibody during delivery from hemorrhage; second child blood gets agglutinated from Rh-AB crossing placenta leads to anemia, jaundice
28
hemoglobin levels
men: 13-18 women: 11-16
29
hematocrit levels
men: 47 Women: 42
30
low hematocrit and low hemoglobin
anemia
31
normal hematocrit and low hemoglobin
anemia
32
tunica intima
endothelium
33
tunica media
smooth muscle for vasoconstriction
34
tunica externa
areolar connective tissue
35
lumen of arteries
narrow
36
lumen of veins
wide
37
cross section of arteries
circular if cut
38
cross section of veins
collapses when cut
39
wall thickness of arteries
thicker
40
wall thickness of veins
thinner
41
elasticity of arteries
very elastic
42
elasticity of veins
not elastic
43
valves in arteries?
no valve
44
valves in veins?
yes:)
45
normal cardiac tissue
branching, striations, centrally located nuclei, intercalated discs
46
myocardial infarction
heart attack from one of the arteries being blocked loss of striation, dead myocytes lose nuclei, blood supply disrupted, lots of leukocytes
47
atherosclerosis
large deposition of lipids and debris, impairs blood flow and oxygen to myocardium leading to coronary artery disease and heart attack
48
atherosclerosis path
lipids --\> fatty streaks + fibrous tissue and muscle --\> fibrous plaques + calcium + cholesterol --\> restricted flow
49
human electrocardiogram
measures electrical activities of the heart from the electrodes attached to the outer surface of the skin
50
sinoatrial node
pacemaker cells that propagate AP through muscle fibers of atria
51
AV node
connection between atria and ventricular muscle, serves as backup pacemaker, slow
52
lead
pair of electrodes; each lead detects the projection of the actual wave from a different angle
53
ECG
electrical activities recorded from a lead
54
positive vector
+ from - to + - from + to -
55
negative vector
+ from + to - - from - to +
56
Einthoven's triangle set up
negative: right arm
ground: right leg
positive: left
57
mean electrical axis
can indicate myocardial damage + ventricular activation changes
58
why does the t wave have a positive deflection?
repolarization process are assigned a negative charge, and the direction of repolarization is negative
59
what is the relationship b/w ECG and start of pulse wave and maximum height of pulse?
start occurs during ventricular repolarization and max occurs during atrial depolarization
60
relationship between ECG and pulse rate
time is the same, starts and ends at atrial depolarization
61
blood flow in heart
blood into the vena cava, right atria, right ventricle, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins to left atria, left ventricle to aorta
62
blood flow from ascending aorta
aortic arch brachiocephalic trunk left common carotid left subclavian artery
63
descending thoracic aorta
celiac trunk superior mesenteric artery inferior mesenteric artery right and left renal arteries common iliac arteries
64
\>100 bpm
tachycardia
65
\<60bpm
bradycardia
66
ST interval above isoelectric
myocardial infarction
67
ST interval below isoelectric
cardiac ischemia
68
No p wave, no QRS
V fib with A systole
69
No p wave, wide irregular QRS
aberrant AF ventricular
70
No P wave, wide regular QRS
ventricular rhythm
71
No P wave, narrow irregular QRS
atrial fibrilation
72
no p wave, narrow regular QRS
atrial junctional
73
abnormal P wave 300bpm
atrial flutter
74
normal p wave, QRS never related
3\* AV block ventricular standstill
75
normal p wave, sometimes QRS related
2\* AV block
76
normal p wave, related to QRS, long PR interval
1\* AV block
77
normal p wave, related to QRS, normal PR interval
normal sinus rhythm
78
subclavian artery
supplies blood to arms
79
axillary artery
supplies blood to pectoral muscles
80
brachial artery
supplies blood to arm and elbow
81
common carotid
supplies blood to head and neck (left not in sheep)
82
celiac trunk
supplies blood to stomach, duodenum, liver, spleen
83
superior mesenteric artery
supplies blood to small intestine, pancreas, some large intestine
84
renal arteries
supplies blood to kidneys for filtering
85
internal iliac arteries
supplies blood to pelvic area
86
external iliac arteries
supplies blood to lower limbs
87
inferior mesenteric artery
supplies blood to large intestine
88
why do the R wave and the maximum height of finger pulse not overlap?
the electrical signal precedes the mechanical event and then it takes time for the signal to reach the fingertip
89
P wave and T wave above the baseline?
myocardial infarction
90
what distinguishes the left & right brachiocephalic vein?
left is longer because crosses body to the right atrium
91
what does the groove on the internal jugular vein indicate?
HELP
92
where does the subclavian artery end & the axillary artery begin
armpit
93
what is the vessel to the right of the ascending aorta?
pulmonary trunk - delivers deoxy blood to the lungs
94
what are the white spots at the bifurcation of the descending aorta into the common iliacs?
fat deposits that suggest atherosclerosis of descending aorta
95
differences in frog and human heart
human: 4 chambers frog: 3 human: SA and AV node frog: SV node
96
trabeculae
muscle strands & cords, give ventricle a spongy texture, provide site of attachment for papillary muscles, reduces suction, limits blood mixing
97
spiral folds
help guides blood flow from the atria to the systemic and pulmocutaneous arteries
98
deoxy blood in frogs
goes to lungs and skin
99
oxy blood in frogs
goes to brain and internal tissues
100
temperature with cardiac function
Q10
101
Q10
temperature coefficient measure of how much the rate of a biological process increases with temperature change of 10\* usually between 2-3
102
increase in ex. K+
depolarizes slightly, increased HR then decrease
103
increase in ex. Ca2+
obvious increase in force, little to no inc. in HR
104
sympathetic innervation
norepinephrine/ isuprel
105
isuprel
increased HR + contractile force (B1AR)
106
parasympathetic innervation
Ach
107
Ach
decreased HR + contractile force (M2)
108
atropine
cholinergic antagonist (prevents activation of M2)
109
atropine then Ach
normal HR & force (plant alkaloid blocks M2)
110
frank-sterling law
length-tension of an intact heart; with additional blood, volume stretches the muscle tissue so the heart contracts more forcefully & ejects
111
why is there a delay between the atrial and ventricular contractions?
because the depol wave starts in the SV and first travels through the atria. then the depol is transmitted to the AV which slows spread of depol due to limited connections and small fiber diameters
112
what effects do isuprel and ach have on the heart?
opposite; isuprel increases HR and contractile force, Ach decreases HR and contractile force
113
what receptor does atropine block to increase HR?
M2
114
digitalis
increases force of contraction because increases ca2+ concentrations intracellularly
115
beer's law
linear relationship between concentration of a solute in a sample and the absorbance of light
116
absorbance =
e x l x c
117
e
molar extinction coefficient
118
l
optimal path through cuvette
119
c
concentration of sample
120
intensity equation
I = Io (10^-elc)
121
I
light final intensity
122
Io
light initial intensity (incident light)
123
tense hemoglobin
low affinity, less receptive to O2
124
relaxed hemoglobin
high affinity, more receptive to O2
125
cooperativity
gives sigmoidal curve; each successive bound O2 changes conformation of subunit, making it more receptive; allows more efficient unloading and loading of O2 within the physiological range of partial pressures
126
P50
when hemoglobin is 50% saturated with oxygen
127
right shift
lower affinity for O2, O2 release, P50 increase
128
right shift conditions
increase CO2 increase acidity increase DPG increase exercise increase temperature
129
calculating % hemoglobin saturation
(A-B)/(A-C) x 100
130
A
absorbance at deoxy
131
B
absorbance at each pressure reduction
132
C
absorbance at oxy
133
what does a higher absorbance value mean for blood
the saturation of hemoglobin is increased, therefore it is more deoxygenated
134
lymphatic system functions
maintain fluid balance participate in immune responses absorption of lipids from digestive tract
135
lymphatic system circulation
capillaries to vessels to ducts to blood circulation at subclavian veins
136
primary lymph organs
where immune cells are generated and mature bone marrow and thymus
137
bone marrow
b cell maturation
138
thymus
t cell maturation
139
secondary lymph organs
sites where mature cells aggregate and initiate immune response spleen and lymph nodes
140
thymus
lobules and hassall's corpuscles
141
lobules: dark outer cortex
developing T cells, clonal expansion
142
light medulla
hassall's corpuscles and epithelia that select against self-reactive T-cells
143
spleen
largest mass of lymphoid tissue, storage site for platelets
144
spleen functions
filters blood (removes old RBC and platelets from circulation) helps initiate immune response (reacts to blood borne antigens by producing antibodies from local b cells)
145
spleen: capsule and trabeculae
connective tissue and smooth muscle which provide support
146
spleen: red pulp
vascular (sinusoid capillaries), allows old blood cells to leak out; old and damaged cells are phagocytosed by macrophages
147
spleen: white pulp
contains lymphoid aggregations, mostly lymphocytes and macrophages around arteries; lymphocytes are Th cells and AB producing B cells
148
spleen: white pulp: germinal center
mature B cell proliferation, differentiation, AB production somatic hypermutation and isotype switching center
149
antigen
molecule on surface of pathogens specific to that pathogen
150
pathogens
any infectious agent the immune system recognizes as foreign to self
151
bacteria
salmonella; can have adhesion molecule on surface or secrete exotoxins
152
viruses
HIV, flu; glycoproteins on surface
153
fungi
candida albicans
154
parasites
protozoa, worms
155
lymphocytes
T cells B cells
156
T cells
helper T cells cytotoxic T cells
157
Th (CD4)
secrete cytokines that regulate the functions of cells of the immune system
158
Tc (CD8)
directly kill cells infected with viruses and tumor cells
159
B cells
produce circulating antibodies
160
antibody pathway
1. infection of pathogen 2. b cells detect antigen on pathogen in lymphoid organs 3. b cells differentiate into plasma cells and produce and secrete antibodies
161
indirect ELISA
detects antibodies made in response to pathogen uses 2\* antibody conjugated to signal generating enzyme
162
indirect ELISA examples
HIV, lyme disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
163
direct ELISA
detects antigens directly uses a 1\* antibody conjugated to a signal generating enzyme
164
direct ELISA examples
HCG pregnancy test, E.Coli, animal feeds, human stool
165
hemolytic plaque assay
detects antibody producing plasma cells
166
hemolytic plaque assay proceure
inject sheep red blood cells into mouse remove spleen harvest cells SRBC + complement pokes holes in membrane (upon binding to anti-sheep antibody, complement protein pokes holes to kill cells)
167
complement system pathway
C3B protein membrane attack protein complex (MAC)
168
C3B
allows macrophage attachment to pathogen, facilitating phagocytosis, initiates formation of MAC
169
MAC
large pore that inserts into the membrane of the pathogen and promotes lysis by allowing cellular contents to spill out death of RBC, visible gaps/plaques in blood smear
170
basophil
171
neutrophil
172
eosinophil
173
lymphocyte
174
monocyte
175
sickle cell anemia
176
infectious mononucleosis
177
polycythemia
178
leukemia
179
1
right atria
180
2
left atria
181
3
right ventricle
182
4
left ventricle
183
5
aorta
184
6
chordae tendinae
185
7
bicuspid valve
186
8
tricuspid valve
187
9
septum
188
10
pulmonary semilunar valve
189
11
aortic valve
190
myocardial infarction
191
blood flow from the heart
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary arteries
aortic arch
brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid
descending thoracic aorta
192
blood flow to upper limbs
subclavian arteries
axillary arteries
brachial arteries
radial arteries
193
abdominal blood flow
descending abdominal aorta
celiac trunk
superior mesenteric artery
inferior mesenteric artery
194
blood flow to lower limbs
common iliac arteries
internal iliac, external iliac
femoral arteries
195
venous return to the heart
internal jugular veins
brachiocephalic veins
superior and inverior vena cava
196
venous return to upper limbs
subclavian veins
axillary veins
brachial veins
basilic veins
cephalic veins
197
venous return from the abdomen
hepatic portain vein
hepatic veins
inferior vena cava
renal veins
198
venous return from lower limbs
common iliac veins
internal iliac veins
external iliac veins
femoral vein
great saphenous vein
