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Physiology & Neurobiology 2275 > EXAM 3 - Respiratory System, Digestive System, and Metabolism > Flashcards

EXAM 3 - Respiratory System, Digestive System, and Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

mucosal epithelium

A

most variable feature in GI

enterocytes, endocrine, exocrine
cell/cell junctions
GI stem cells

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2
Q

lamina propria

A

connective tissue contains nerve fibers, vessels, and lymph nodes

wandering immune cells, Peyer’s patch

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3
Q

muscularis mucosae

A

thin layer of smooth muscle

shape intestinal folds, move the villi

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4
Q

mucosa

A

important in secretion, digestion, and absorption

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5
Q

digestive enzymes

A

secreted by exocrine glands or epithelial cells

may remain bound to apical membranes of intestinal cells

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6
Q

exocrine galnds

A

salivary glands, pancreas

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7
Q

epithelial cell secretion

A

in stomach and small intestine

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8
Q

brush border enzymes

A

digestive enzymes that remain bound to apical membranes of intestinal cells

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9
Q

zymogens

A

need to be activated into enzyme

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10
Q

mucus

A

secreted by exocrine cells

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11
Q

exocrine cell

A

mucous cells, salivary glands, goblet cells

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12
Q

function of mcuus

A

protect GI mucosa; lubrication

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13
Q

mucus stimulation

A

parasympathetic
neuropeptides
cytokines

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14
Q

submucosa

A

loose connective tissue containing larger blood and lymph vessels

transport absorbed nutrient

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15
Q

submucosal plexus

A

meissner’s plexus

nerve supply to muscularis mucosae

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16
Q

muscularis externa

A

two layers of smooth muscle
Inner: circular
outer: longitudinal

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17
Q

myenteric plexus

A

auerbach’s plexus

in muscularis externa

between 2 muscle layers

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18
Q

GI smooth muscle spontaneous contraction

A

peristalsis

segmentation

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19
Q

peristalsis

A

move food along

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20
Q

segmentation

A

mix food and break it down

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21
Q

contraction frequency of GI smooth muscle is set by

A

Basic Electrical Rhythm (BER) and chemical input

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22
Q

basic electrical rhythm

A 
slow waves (3-20s)
set by pacemaker cells (interstitial cells of Cajal)
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23
Q

interstitial cells of cajal

A

modified smooth muscle cells between muscle and nerve plexus that set BER

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24
Q

phasic contractions

A

posterior portion of the stomach; small intestine

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25
Q

tonic contractions

A

sphincters; anterior portion of the stomach

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26
Q

after a meal

A

peristalsis and segmentation

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27
Q

peristalsis after a meal

A

contraction AND distal relaxation

esophagus
stomach
intestinal

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28
Q

segmentation after a meal

A

contractile rings

small and large intestine

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29
Q

between meals

A

migrating motor complex for housekeeping

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30
Q

enteric nervous system (ENS)

A

acts independently, shares many features of CNS

primarily on motility and secretion

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31
Q

features of ENS

A

intrinsic neurons

responds to many NTs and GI peptides

glial cells
diffusion barrier
integrating center

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32
Q

motility excitatory NTs and GI peptides

A 
ach (gi)
substance P (gq)
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33
Q

motility inhibitory NTs and GI peptides

A

NO

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

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34
Q

secretomotor ENS

A

Ach, VIP

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35
Q

GI peptides

A

secreted by isolated endocrine cells in mucosa

not limited to GI functions

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36
Q

long reflex

A

can originate anywhere
integrated in the CNS

cephalic reflex

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37
Q

short reflex

A

originate in ENS, integrated in ENS

gastric emptying

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38
Q

the cephalic phase of digestion

A

long reflexes initiated in the brain

function and secretion of saliva
swallowing reflex
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39
Q

functions of saliva

A

softens and lubricates food
chemical digestion
taste
protection

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40
Q

saliva: chemical digestion

A

salivary amylase and some lipase

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41
Q

saliva: protection

A

lysozyme, immunoglobulins, fluoride, HCO3-

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42
Q

saliva: glands

A

parotid glands
sublingual glands
submandibular glands

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43
Q

parotid glands

A

watery solution

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44
Q

sublingual glands

A

mucus solution

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45
Q

submandibular glands

A

mixed secretion

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46
Q

salivary secretion

A

2 steps:
acinar cells
ductal cells

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47
Q

acinar cells

A

resembles extracellular fluid

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48
Q

ductal cells

A

absorb Na+ and Cl-
secrete K+ and HCO3-
net removal of solute
impermeable to water

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49
Q

stimulation of salivary secretion

A

ductal modification reduces

HCO3- remains high by action of secretagogues

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50
Q

swallowing reflex

A

primary peristalsis and secondary repetitive peristalsis

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51
Q

gastroesophageal junction

A

resting pressure: 30mmHg

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52
Q

substances that reduce pressure of gastroesophageal junction

A

alcohol
caffeine
cigarette smoke
chocolate

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53
Q

pathological conditions of gastroesophageal junction

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

achalasia

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54
Q

achalasia

A

nerve cells (myenteric plexus) that innervate esophageal muscle degenerate

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55
Q

symptoms of achalasia

A

solid dysphagia
fullness in chest while eating
chest pain
weight loss

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56
Q

gastric phase

A

series of short reflexes initiated when food enters the stomach

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57
Q

topics in gastric phase

A

secretion of the stomach

motility of the stomach

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58
Q

proximal anatomy of stomach

A

anterior

cardia
fundus
body

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59
Q

distal anatomy of stomach

A

posterior

antrum (pyloric region)
pyloric sphincter

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60
Q

functional regions of the stomach

A

proximal (reservoir)

distal (pump, grinder)

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61
Q

structures to support stomach functions

A

rugae

oblique layer overlying mucosa

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62
Q

LES (esophagus) and cardia secretion

A

mucus

HCO3-

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63
Q

LES (esophagus) and cardia motility

A

prevention of reflux
entry of food
regulation of belching

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64
Q

fundus and body secretion

A 
H+
intrinsic factor
mucus
HCO3-
pepsinogens
lipase
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65
Q

fundus and body motility

A

reservoir

tonic force during emptying

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66
Q

antrum and pylorus secretion

A

mucus

HCO3-

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67
Q

antrum and pylorus motility

A

mixing
grinding
sieving
regulation of emptying

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68
Q

gastric secretions

A

gastrin
acid
enzyme
paracrine

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69
Q

gastric secretion: gastrin secretion

A

G cells

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70
Q

gastric secretion: gastrin is triggered by

A

vagus nerve stimulation (Gastrin-Releasing Polypeptide, GRP)
amino acids

gastrin increases with food intake because acid denatures proteins

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71
Q

gastric secretion: gastrin is inhibited by

A

acid, somatostatin

72
Q

gastric secretion: gastrin function

A

acts on parietal and ECL (arterial) cells (CCK-B receptor)

stimulates acid release
stimulates mucosa growth in stomach, small and large intestine

73
Q

gastric secretion: acid is secreted by

A

parietal cells in gastric glands

74
Q

gastric secretion: acid is stimulated by

A

gastrin, Ach, histamine

75
Q

gastric secretion: acid is inhibited by

A

prostaglandin E2 and somatostatin

76
Q

what inhibits the gastrin feedback loop?

A

acid and somatostatin

77
Q

somatostatin

A

B cells secrete this; local (paracrine)

78
Q

arterial cells

A

secrete histamine

79
Q

histamine

A

stimulator for acid secretion

80
Q

alkaline tide

A

after eating, HCO3- enters blood

81
Q

parietal cell activation

A

tubulovesicular membrane and intravesicular caniculus fuse with cell membrane and eachother

H+/ATP pump is rate limiting factor

82
Q

What mechanism will inhibit HCl secretion?

A. M3 receptor agonist
B. H2 receptor agonist
C. Activation of Gi-coupled receptor
D. Activation of Gq-coupled receptor

A

Activation of Gi-coupled receptor

83
Q

gastric secretion: enzyme secretion

A

pepsin and gastric lipase

84
Q

pepsin is effective on

A

collagen

85
Q

gastric secretion: enzyme secretion process

A

chief cells secrete pepsinogen

HCl in stomach activates to pepsin

gastric lipase is co secreted with pepsin

in small intestine pepsinogen is neutralized with bicarbonate and inactivates pepsin

86
Q

gastric secretion: paracrine secretion

A

histamine
intrinsic factor
somatostatin

87
Q

paracrine secretion: histamine

A

secreted by ECL cells and stimulated by gastrin and Ach

88
Q

paracrine secretion: intrinsic factor

A

secreted by parietal cells; critical for B12 absorption

89
Q

paracrine secretion: somatostatin

A

secreted by D cells; primary feedback signal

90
Q

Which of the following treatments will alleviate the symptoms of peptic ulcer disease?

A. H+/K+/ATPase activator
B. H2 receptor agonist
C. M3 receptor agonist
D. Somatostatin release

A

D. somatostatin release

All the rest would cause increase of acid

91
Q

A drug that blocks the fusion of tubulovesicular membrane and intracellular canaliculus in parietal cells would result in…

A. an increased production of HCl
B. an increased production of pepsinogen by chief cells
C. an increased protein digestion in the stomach
D. a decreased somatostatin production
E. an increased catalytic activity of pepsin

A

D. a decreased somatostatin production

92
Q

control of gastric secretion

A

vagal activation stimulates multiple cell responses via NT (Ach and GRP)

93
Q

what stimulates the parietal cell?

A

Ach, gastrin, histamine

94
Q

what inhibits gastrin?

A

acid in the antrum stimulates somatostatin release to inhibit meal-stimulated gastrin secretion

95
Q

motor functions of the stomach: storage

A

proximal portion (fundus and body)

receptive relaxation

adaptive relaxation

96
Q

receptive relaxation in the stomach

A

relaxation of stomach muscles as food moves through esophagus and enters stomach

97
Q

adaptive relaxation of stomach

A

relaxation of stomach muscles when filled

98
Q

motor functions of the stomach: mixing

A 
distal portion (antrum)
peristalsis
99
Q

control of gastric motility in the gastric phase

A 
neural control (vagovagal reflexes)
mechanical stimulation
chemical stimulation
100
Q

absorption by the stoamch

A

aspirin, other weak acids; EtOH

stomach wall is not specialized for absorption

101
Q

protection of the stomach wall

A

thick, alkaline mucus

tight junctions between epithelial cells

rapid replacement by GI stem cells

102
Q

gastric ulcers

A

destruction of the lining of gastric mucosa

103
Q

results of Warren & Marshall’s study

A

when treated with antibiotics, 80% of patients were permanently cured of their ulcers

104
Q

primary causes of ulcers

A

infections (H. pylori)

NSAID

105
Q

NSAID

A

inhibits mucus production, causes ulcers

106
Q

Zollinger-ellison syndrome

A

ulcers caused by over secretion of gastric acid

rare

107
Q

intestinal phase

A

series of responses after chyme enters the small intestine

108
Q

intestinal phase topics

A

gastric emptying
motility and secretion of small intestine
secretion of accessary organs
digestion and absorption of fat, carbohydrates, and proteins

109
Q

gross anatomy of small intestine

A

duodenum (common bile duct + pancreatic duct) to jejunum to ileum

110
Q

ileum

A

peyer’s patches or lymph nodules

ileocecal valve

111
Q

structures to support small intestine functions

A

plicae (circular folds)
villi
microvilli

112
Q

gastric emptying

A

strong peristaltic waves in gastric pump
increased tone in gastric reservoir
opening of pylorus
inhibition of duodenal segmental contractions

113
Q

increase gastric emptying

A

hormonal: gastrin
gastric volume
neural

114
Q

decrease gastric emptying

A

distension plus acid in duodenum (enterogastric reflex)

hormonal: GIP, CCK, secretin

115
Q

The gastric emptying rate can be increased by

A

increased peristaltic wave in gastric pump
increased tonic contraction in gastric reservoir
increased action of VIP in the pyloric sphincter

116
Q

dumping syndrome

A

gastrectomy may lead to loss of feedback control of emptying
partly digested food draws excess fluid into intestine
may have malabsorption

117
Q

intestinal secretion

A

cholecystokinin (CCK)

secretin

118
Q

cholecystokinin is secreted by

A

I cells (mucosa of the upper small intestine)

119
Q

cholecystokinin functions

A

stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion (augment secretin functions)

contraction of gallbladder

relaxation of sphincter of Oddi

inhibit gastric emptying and gastric secretion

120
Q

cholecystokinin is triggered by

A

amino acids, peptides, and fatty acids

121
Q

cholecystokinin is inhibited when

A

products of digestion move on to the lower portion

122
Q

secretion is secreted by

A

S cells (mucosa of the upper small intestine)

123
Q

secretion functions

A

stimulate pancreatic bicarbonate secretion (augment CCK functions)

inhibit gastric emptying and gastric secretion

124
Q

secretion is triggered by

A

acid, products of protein digestion

125
Q

secretion is inhibited when

A

products of digestion move on to the lower portion

126
Q

small intestine motility

A

segmentation
peristalsis
migrating motor complex (MMC)

127
Q

segmentation in small intestine

A

mixing

slow propulsion possible due to frequency gradient

128
Q

peristalsis in small intestine

A

weak

129
Q

migrating motor complex (MMC) and MOTILIN

A

stimulating

130
Q

migrating motor complex (MMC) and FEEDING

A

inhibits MMCs

131
Q

digestion of carbohydrates

A

can only be absorbed as monosaccharides

amylase for smaller glucose chains and disaccharides

brush border enzymes

132
Q

brush border enzymes

A

disaccharidases

133
Q

absorption of carbohydrates: apical side

A

SGLT1

GLUT5

134
Q

SGLT1

A

secondary active; glucose and galactose

high affinity for glucose; regulated by glucose in intestine

135
Q

GLUT5

A

facilitated diffusion

fructose

136
Q

absorption of carbohydrates: basolateral side

A

GLUT2 for all monosaccharides

137
Q

digestion of protein

A

endopeptidases

exopeptidases

138
Q

endopeptidases

A

proteases; attack peptide bonds

139
Q

endopeptidase secretion

A

by stomach, intestine, and pancreas as inactive proenzymes

140
Q

exopeptidases

A

release single amino acids

secreted by the pancreas

141
Q

endopeptidase examples

A

pepsin, trypsin

142
Q

exopeptidase examples

A

carboxypeptidase

143
Q

absorption of a protein

A

absorbed as amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides, and rarely larger peptides

144
Q

absorption of a protein as amino acids

A

Na+ dependent active transport

145
Q

absorption of a protein as dipeptides and tripeptides

A

H+ dependent; PepT1

146
Q

absorption of a protein as larger peptides

A

transcytosis
may elicit allergic response
more in infant

147
Q

digestion of fat

A

emulsification
enzymatic fat digestion
formation of bile micelles

148
Q

digestion of fat: emulsification

A

bile salts

breaks down large lipid droplets to smaller ones
increase surface available for lipase action

149
Q

digestion of fat: enzymatic fat digestion

A

lipase and colipase digest triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids

phospholipase digests phospholipids

150
Q

digestion of fat: formation of bile micelles

A

break down and reform constantly

break down to be absorbed

151
Q

absorption of fat

A

enter apical membrane
inside the cells
leave basolateral membrane

152
Q

absorption of fat: monoglycerides and fatty acids in apical membrane

A

diffusion

153
Q

absorption of fat: cholesterol in apical membrane

A

transporter

154
Q

absorption of fat: inside the cells

A

monoglycerides and fatty acids recombine

chylomicrons formation

155
Q

absorption of fat: leave basolateral membrane

A

via exocytosis

156
Q

transport of absorbed nutrients

A

products of carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed into the hepatic portal system

products of fat digestion (chylomicrons) enter lacteal

157
Q

product of fat digestion

A

chylomicrons

158
Q

hepatic portal system

A

blood leaving gut enters hepatic portal vein

brought directly to liver

second exchange site at liver sinusoids

most absorbed nutrients go to liver first (except products of fat digestion)

159
Q

functions of liver

A

metabolic regulation

synthesis

storage

detoxification

160
Q

functions of liver: metabolic regulation

A

maintain normal blood glucose levels

carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid metabolism

161
Q

functions of liver: synthesis

A

plasma protein; clotting factors; bile; cholesterol

162
Q

functions of liver: storage

A

iron, glycogen, blood, fat-soluble vitamins

163
Q

functions of liver: detoxification

A

alcohol and other drugs

164
Q

peritoneum

A

serous membranes within abdominal cavity

supports blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

165
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

inside surface of body wall

166
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

surface of internal organs

167
Q

peritoneal fluid

A

produced by serous membrane lining

provides lubrication

intraperitoneal organs
retroperitoneal organs

168
Q

duodenum

A

common bile duct and pancreatic duct

169
Q

ileum

A

peyer’s pathches or lymph nodules

ileocecal valve

170
Q

structures in small intestine

A

plicae (circular folds)
villi
microvilli

171
Q

mesentery

A

continuous, formed by peritoneum

172
Q

mucus secretion is stimulated by

A

parasympathetic NS

neuropeptides

cytokines

173
Q

digestive enzymes

A

secreted by exocrine glands and epithelial cells

remain bound to apical membranes or secreted as zymogens

174
Q

exocrine glands

A

salivary and pancreas

175
Q

epithelial cell secretions

A

stomach and pancreas

176
Q

mucus

A

protects, lubricates

177
Q

motilin

A

released during fasting, targets GI and stomach, MMC effector

Physiology & Neurobiology 2275 (6 decks)

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