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Physiology & Neurobiology 2275 > EXAM 4 - Renal and Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

EXAM 4 - Renal and Reproductive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

SGLT1

A

glucose absorption

SI, renal tubules

secondary active

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2
Q

GLUT2

A

B cell glucose sensor, transports glucose out of epithelia

liver, epithelia of intestine, kidneys

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3
Q

GLUT4

A

insulin stimulated glucose uptake

muscle, adipose

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4
Q

absence of insulin

A

no glucose uptake

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5
Q

presence of insulin

A

lipogenesis (stimulated by G3P)

hormone sensitive lipase inhibited

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6
Q

insulin affects

A

GLUT2

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7
Q

glucagon promotes

A

glycogenolysis (not in muscle)
gluconeogenesis
ketogenesis
lipolysis

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8
Q

renal function

A

excretes metabolic end products, drugs, xenobiotics

regulates essential ions, osmolarity, pH, arterial bp

secretes renin, erythropoietin, activates vitamin D

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9
Q

cortical nephrons

A

reabsorption, peritubular capillaries

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10
Q

juxtamedulliary nephrons

A

concentrates urine, vasa recta, and peritubular capillaries

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11
Q

excretion = filtration - reabsorption + secretion

A

know it

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12
Q

macula densa cells

A

modified epithelial cells with osmoreceptors in distal tubule

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13
Q

granular cells

A

afferent arterial; modifies smooth muscle, secretes renin

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14
Q

mesangial cells

A

contractile, regulate glomerular filtration

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15
Q

average GFR

A

125 mL/min or 180 L/day

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16
Q

factors that change GFR: favor filtration

A

glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (Ph)

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17
Q

factors that change GFR: oppose filtration

A

bowman’s hydrostatic pressure (Pfluid)

colloid osmotic force (pi)

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18
Q

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

A

amount of plasma filtered from glomeruli into bowman’s space per unit time

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19
Q

glomerular net filtration

A

Ph - pi - Pfluid

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20
Q

variables for glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (Ph)

A

arterial pressure (buffered by autoregulation)
afferent arteriolar resistance
efferent arteriolar resistance

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21
Q

increase resistance of afferent arteriole

A

decreases renal blood flow, decreases Ph, decreases GFR

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22
Q

decrease resistance of afferent arteriole

A

increases RBF, increases Ph, increases GFR

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23
Q

myogenic response of GFR

A

increasing renal blood pressure leads to constriction of afferent arteriole

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24
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback

A

paracrine control

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25
Q

adenosine

A

when GFR increases, adenosine constricts

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26
Q

renin-angiotensin system

A

activated by drop in systemic BP or heart attack or severe stress or circulatory shock –> leads to decreased Ph and decreased GFR

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27
Q

renin is released when

A

bp decreases, sympathetic innervation, osmolarity of tubular fluid is too low (sensed by macula densa)

28
Q

angiotensin

A

restores BP

arteriole vasoconstriction
aldosterone secretion
CNS stimulation (for thirst and ADH release)
salt and water retention
29
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

dilates afferent arteriole, constricts efferent arteriole to decrease GFR

inhibits salt reabsorption leading to increased urine production and decreased BV and BP

inhibits renin secretion and angiotensin

produced by the heart

30
Q

renal clearance

A

calculated value representing volume of plasma from which “S” is completely cleared per unit of time

31
Q

renal clearance equation

A

clearance of S = urine excretion rate of S / plasma concentration of S

Cs = (Us * V)
————
Ps

32
Q

clearance of S = the glomerular filtration rate when

A
  • S is not freely filterable at glomerulus
  • S is not reabsorbed
  • not secreted
  • not synthesized
  • not broken down
33
Q

how can creatinine clearance estimate GFR?

A

is endogenous that fits criteria

small protein secreted by proximal tubules
excretion rate exceeds filtration by 5 to 10%

34
Q

renal disease

A

decreased GFR (elevated creatinine or decreased creatinine clearance)

35
Q

Estimating renal blood flow

A

substance’s clearance can be used to calculate renal blood flow if it is freely filtered and completely secreted

36
Q

Renal plasma flow =

A

RPF = (Urine(PAH) * Urine flow rate) / plasma(PAH)

37
Q

Renal blood flow =

A

RPF/ (1-Hct)

38
Q

PCT absorption

A

water, organic nutrients, glucose, Na+, K+, Cl-, amino acids, vitamins

39
Q

DCT reabsorption

A

selective Na+, cl-, water, active secretion of ions

40
Q

LH reabsorption

A

descending: water
ascending: Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+, HCO3-

41
Q

renal threshold

A

the plasma concentration at which a specific compound or ion will begin appearing in urine (saturation of mediated transport)

42
Q

calculating renal threshold

A

Tm / GFR

43
Q

glucose clearance

A

excretion rate / plasma concentration

aka

plasma concentration * GFR - tubular maximum
/
plasma concentration

44
Q

proximal tubule reabsorption: sodium

A 
apical = variety of transporters
basolateral = active transport
45
Q

proximal tubule reabsorption: HCO3- and Na-organic solutes

A

cotransporter with glucose, amino acids, organic solutes
counter transport with H+ ions

active reabsorption

46
Q

proximal tubule reabsorption: Urea

A

no active transport

passive reabsorption due to concentration gradient
transcellular and paracellular pathways

47
Q

proximal tubule reabsorption: protein

A

small proteins and peptides can pass through filtration barrier
most removed from filtrate
receptor mediated endocytosis
renal digestion terminates peptide signal
transcytosis**

48
Q

loss of PT

A

increased bicarbonate, amino acids, glucose, proteins in urine

49
Q

collecting duct reabsorption: principal cells

A

water reabsorption

sodium reabsorption

50
Q

principal cells: water reabsorption

A

ADH sensitive

51
Q

principal cells: sodium reabsorption

A

aldosterone sensitive

52
Q

collecting duct reabsorption: intercalated cells

A

H+ and HCO3- transport (pH dependent)

53
Q

PT secretion

A

secondary and tertiary active transport for organic compounds
organic anions and cations

54
Q

organic anions

A

bile salts, urate, PAH, penicillin, toxic chemicals

55
Q

organic cations

A

creatinine, dopamine, epinephrine, atropine, morphine, isoproterenol, prolineamide

56
Q

DT and CD secretion

A

K+, H+, NH4+, organic ions, cretinine, penicillin

concentration dependent

K+ exchanges for Na+
H+ exchanges for K+

57
Q

Excretion:

A

detrussor
internal urethral sphincter
external urethral sphincter

58
Q

detrussor

A

smooth muscle; parasympathetic activation for contraction

filling: inhibited
micturition: stimulated

59
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

smooth muscle; sympathetic activation for contraction

filling: stimulated
micturition: inhibited

60
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

skeletal muscle; sympathetic activation for contraction

filling: stimulated
micturition: inhibited

61
Q

bladder: micturition

A

stretch receptors in bladder send sensory info to CNS

parasympathetic neurons activate, motor neurons to external sphinc. inactivate
smooth muscle contracts, internal sphincter passively opens, external relaxes

62
Q

bladder: filling

A

CNS sends tonic discharge

Motor neuron fires

internal sphincter passively contracts
external sphincter stays contracted

63
Q

3 stimuli that contribute to water balance (vasopressin)

A

increased plasma osmolarity
decreased blood volume
decreased BP

64
Q

ADH (vasopressin)

A

insertion of water pores in apical membrane to increase water reabsorption

65
Q

aldosterone

A

released when BP decreases (via renin-angiotensin II) and increased K+ extracellular concentration

66
Q

aldosterone + K+

A

increased extracellular K+ stimulates aldosterone secretion to prevent hyperkalemia which leads to cardiac arrhythmias

increased plasma K+ –> increased aldosterone –> increased tubular K+ secretion in exchange for Na+

Physiology & Neurobiology 2275 (6 decks)

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