EXAM 2 - The Heart, Lymphatic and Immune System Flashcards
1
Q
cardiac output
A
heart rate x stroke volume
2
Q
blood pressure
A
cardiac output x peripheral resistance
3
Q
cardiodynamic autonomic control: sympathetic
A
nerve from cardioacceleratory center (medulla) synapses in spinal cord
preganglionic axons release Ach onto ganglia
postganglionic axons synapse on SA node, AV node, and left ventricle and release NE
NE activates B1-adrenergic receptors coupled to Gsa GPCR
Gsa increases cAMP production and increases HR
4
Q
where do the sympathetic postganglionic axons synapse on?
A
SA node, AV node, left ventricle
5
Q
sympathetic synapse on heart
A
increase cAMP, increase HR
6
Q
NE binding to Gsa
A
adenylate cyclase –> cAMP –> to PKA and HCN channels
7
Q
effects of PKA
A
activates troponin
inactivates phospholamban
activates ryanodine receptors
activates L-type Ca2+ channels
8
Q
effect of increasing troponin
A
increases contractile strength
9
Q
effect of binding to HCN
A
increases heart rate
10
Q
effect of decreasing phospholamban
A
phospholamban typically inactivates SERCA – by disinhibiting SERCA, Ca2+ gets pumped into SR quicker allowing for quicker repolarization –> quicker cardiac myocyte AP
11
Q
effect of activating RyR
A
increases contractility due to Ca2+ eflux
12
Q
effect of L-type Ca2+ activation
A
more depolarized plateau phase to permit contraction
13
Q
hydrostatic pressure near heart in arteries
A
high; 80-120 mmHg
14
Q
hydrostatic pressure in capillaries
A
low (15-25)
15
Q
hydrostatic pressure in veins
A
0-20
16
Q
parallel circulatory systems
A
pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
two pumps for two loops
17
Q
coronary arteries
A
arise from coronary sinus in aorta and delivers oxygenated blood to cardiac muscle tissue itself
18
Q
cardiac veins
A
drain into coronary sinus and opens into right atrium
19
Q
arteries and arteriole functions
A
distribution
20
Q
arteries and arteriole constraints
A
distribution vessels must be able to handle pressure during contraction and store pressure during diastole
21
Q
capillary function
A
exchange
22
Q
capillary constraints
A
exchange vessels must permit bidirectional flow of substances
23
Q
vein functions
A
collection
24
Q
vein constraints
A
collection vessels must be able to deal with low pressure upon returning to the heart
25
path of circulation
arteries carry blood away from heart
branch into arterioles
branch into capillaries
capillaries do exchange
later rejoin into venules
venules deposit into veins
26
which vessels do not have elastic fibers
veins, capillaries
27
which vessels do not have smooth muscle
capillaries, veins
28
which vessel has the greatest wall thickness
aorta, artery
29
which vessel has the thinnest thickness?
vein,,capillary (smallest is venule)
30
arteries
hold 13%
elastic
muscular
arterioles
31
elastic arteries
conducting
| buffer changes in pressure
32
muscular arteries
distributing
| most common
33
arterioles
resistance
small diameter
no externa
can affect BP
34
veins
hold 64%; volume reservoir
venules
medium diamater
large
35
venules
collect blood from capillary to deposit into veins
| no media
36
medium diameter veins
```
return blood
expand easily (high compliance)
valves
```
37
large veins
return blood back to the heart
| thin 3 layers
38
capillaries
hold 9%
microcirculation
large SA
continuous
fenestrated
sinusoid
39
thoroughfare channels
provide direct flow b/w arterioles and venules (capillary)
40
metarterioles
precap sphincters to regulate blood flow
41
arteriovenous anastomaoes
alternative blood pathway
42
continuous capillaries
exchange of small molecules in most tissues
43
fenestrated capillaries
fenestrations in endothelium that allow peptide exchange
hypothalamus, kidney, intestine, pituitary
44
sinusoid capillaries
allow exchange of large proteins
larger diameter, large sinuses
liver, bone marrow, spleen
45
B1 AR
NE binds to this, adenylate cyclase, cAMP PKA etc etc etc
46
B2 AR
epi binds to this, increases cAMP and inhibits MLC in smooth muscle
47
M3 cholinergic
Ach binds to this and decreases cAMP to relax smooth muscle
48
A1 AR
gq coupled; NE binds to this and increases IP3 for more contraction in smooth muscle
also binds:
angiotensin
endothelin
thromboxane
49
NO smooth muscle
endothelial gets NO from blood flow, it diffuses into smooth muscle
guanylate cyclase to cGMP to PKG
- inhibit IP3 (dilation)
- stimulate MLC phosphatase; decreases MLC (dilation)
- stimulates K+ channel; ends contraction
- inhibits L-type Ca2+; decreases contraction
- stimulates pump to get rid of Ca2+
50
compliance
how easily a heart chamber or blood vessel expands when filled with blood (pressure)
51
veins
high compliance
| low elasticity
52
arteries
low compliance
| high elasticity
53
LARGE volume change but small pressure change
veins
54
LARGE pressure change but small volume change
artery
55
venous blood reserve
central reflexes can decrease compliance of veins to supply more blood to the arterial circulation as needed
56
structures for venous circulation
skeletal pump
valves
respiratory pump
57
skeletal pump
veins pass through here and when muscles contract they press on veins and blood moves
58
respiratory pump
drop in pressure in chest cavity during inhalation reduces pressure on the veins and allows blood to flow back up to the heart
59
flow =
(change in) pressure / resistance
60
change in pressure =
P artery - P venous
61
systemic circulatory pressure > total peripheral resistance
flow
62
why is the flow in the capillaries not zero?
the systemic circulatory pressure is greater than the total peripheral resistance
63
resistance is proportional to
length
viscosity
turbulence
64
resistance is inversely proportional to
radius
65
vascular networks
parallel vessel circuits
| vessel series
66
parallel vessel circuits
lower resistance (capillaries)
67
vessel series
high resistance
68
flow =
velocity x area
69
if flow is constatn
velocity = 1/area
70
poisseuille's law
predicts blood flow rate in a vessel
viscosity and length dictate this
71
filtration
removal of solutes from blood to deliver to tissues
72
driivng force of filtration
hydrostatic pressure forces fluid OUT of the capillaries
73
reabsorption
wastes and water into capillaries
74
driving force of reabsorption
oncotic pressure brings fluid BACK into the capillaries
75
net filtration pressure =
net hydrostatic pressure (NHP) - net colloid oncotic pressure (NCOP)
76
sigma for NFP
adjustment for pressure; reflection coefficient
1 < s < 0
high: low protein permeability, concentration is important
low: high permeability, more even and less important
77
filtration > reabsorption
net leakage of fluid
78
Kf
filtration rate
79
high Kf
high water permeability
80
low Kf
low water permeability
81
lymphoid tissues
nodules, tonsils, adenoids, MALT
82
tonsils
germinal centers for B cell proliferation
83
lymph organs
nodes, thymus, spleen ; immune function site
84
first line of defense
prevention of infection
85
second line of defense
targeted destruction of pathogens
86
third line of defense
specific targeting of pathogens (immunomemory)
87
bacteria protists parasites fungi
living cells with biochem machinery needed
88
control points nonspecific defenses
point of entry
disruption of life cycle
interfere w toxins
89
point of entry control point
block receptor binding
90
disruption of life cycle control point
slow growth of pathogen until immune system can destroy it
91
interfere w toxins
block toxin release
92
physical / chemical barriers
1st
skin and linings
protective chemicals (acidity, lysozyme, antimicrobial peptides)
mucous membranes (traps particles and organisms, transports)
93
phagocytes
2nd
microphages: neutrophils, eosinophils
macrophages
94
macrophages
monocytes (bone marrow and blood)
langerhaans cells (skin and mucosa)
osteoclasts (bone)
microglia (CNS)
red pulp (spleen)
95
immunological surveillance
2nd
monitor cells for abnormal markers (AB and complement proteins)
attack and kill abnormal cells (pathogens and self cells w bad marker)
96
interferons
2nd
small proteins released in response to viral infection
97
complement system
2nd
3 pathways for protease cleavage but end at MAC
98
MAC
pokes holes in membranes to kill pathogens
99
inflammatory response
2nd
increased flow of plasma and leukocytes to tissue
elevated phagocytosis, activated hemostasis, activation of complement, response termination
100
fever / pyrogenesis
pathogen inactivation
elevate body temp
increased leukocyte movability, increased phagocytosis, increased T cell proliferation, increased interferon activity, DECREASE endotoxins
can damage cell
101
naturally acquired passive immunity
transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta
102
induced passive immunity
administration of AB to combat infection (booster shot)
103
induced active immunmity
develops after admin of antigen to prevent disease (vaccines)
104
naturally acquired active immunity
develops after exposure to antigens in environment
105
humoral response
B cells + MHCII + CD4 on Th
neutralization
agglutination
opsinization
106
cell mediated response
Tc regulate and kill infected cells + nucleated cells + MCH1 + CD8
107
BCR
Fab and Fc portion can be secreted as AB
108
TCR
alpha and beta chains never secreted; CD3
109
somatic recombination
in bone marrow when making WBC
germline DNA -- SR -- DJ rearranged -- SR -- VJ and VDJ joined -- transcription
110
IgM
all areas in response to infection
secreted as pentamer
111
IgA
mucosa linings, dimer, fight off microbes in body secretions
112
IgG3
blood plasma placenta to fetus
| signals macrophage in infection
113
IgD
least prevalent
114
IgE
epithelia, mast cells histamine, inflammation
115
primary diversification (during development)
somatic recombination
junctional diversity
combinatorial diversity
116
junctional diversity
VDJ and VJ shuffling: nucleotides randomly insert
117
combinatorial diversity
different heavy and light chains can pair
118
secondary diversification (after activation, B cells)
somatic hypermutation
| isotype switching
119
somatic hypermutation
selects for AB that binds tighter to pathogen
120
isotype switching
constant region switch
121
MCH1
1 bound domain, short
122
MCHII
2 domains, medium
123
anergic
no response need antigen and sitmulatory proteins
