Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology Pracs > Prac 7 CVRS - Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Prac 7 CVRS - Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

How can the tract be divided

A

The tract can be divided into
1 conducting airways where the air is filtered, warmed and humidified and

2 alveolar sacs where gaseous exchange takes place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most of the conducting airways are lined by a

A

ciliated respiratory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

air sacs are lined

A

by a thin squamous epithelium composed mainly of Type I pneumocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The conducting airways are lined by a respiratory epithelium. This includes

A

This includes the nose, nasopharynx, larynx. trachea, bronchi and bronchioles. No significant gaseous exchange takes place in these parts of the tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the resp epithelium consist of

A

The epithelium consists of a simple or pseudo-stratified columnar ciliated epithelium punctuated by mucus-secreting goblet cells.
It also contains non-ciliated (basal and intermediate cells) that probably represent a stem cell population important for the renewal of the epithelium. Also present are neuro-endocrine cells that are particularly numerous in the smaller bronchi. These play and important part in monitoring the inspired air for allergens and other potentially harmful elements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Purpose of neuroendocrine cells in resp epithelium

A

These play and important part in monitoring the inspired air for allergens and other potentially harmful elements.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The underlying connective tissue often contains

A

a rich plexus of thin-walled blood vessels that help to warm the incoming air and additional sero-mucous (mixed) glands that secrete via ducts adding to the protective mucous layer that covers the surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

rich plexus of thin-walled blood vessels help to

A

warm the incoming air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

sero-mucous (mixed) glands do what

A

secrete via ducts adding to the protective mucous layer that covers the surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

protective mucous layer does what

A

This mucus prevents dehydration of the epithelium and traps particulate matter that is removed from the system by the beating of the cilia. The cilia beat towards the throat and contaminated mucous is swallowed or expectorated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The cilia beat towards

A

the throat and contaminated mucous is swallowed or expectorated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Except at its opening (covered by hairy skin), the nose is lined by

A

simple ciliated respiratory epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Three bony projections extend from the lateral walls of nose (concha) and these too are covered by

A

respiratory epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what epithelium lines the nasal sinuses

A

respiratory epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what lies deep to the epithelium in the nose

A

A rich plexus of thin-walled arterioles and venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

source of many nose bleeds. Purpose of these

A

A rich plexus of thin-walled arterioles and venules lie deep to the epithelium (swell bodies).
They help to warm and humidify the inspired air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A small area of epithelium about the size of a 1 pence piece is adapted for the detection of odours. It is located

A

in the roof of the nose below the cribriform plate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Unmyelinated olfactory nerves pass

A

from the epithelium through holes in the cribriform plate to the olfactory bulbs of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

he columnar pseudostratified epithelium of the olfactory mucosa consists of

A

basal and sustentacular (supporting) cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Embedded within the olfactory basal and sustentacular (supporting) cells

A

are bipolar neurones whose dendritic processes reach the surface of the epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Deep to the epithelium are serous glands whose ducts open

A

on to the epithelial surface to produce a watery secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The watery secretion that serous glands produce acts as

A

solvent for odorous substances. They also irrigate the surface and help to refresh the epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Olfactory epithelium is

A

The epithelium is a pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Immotile stereocilia protrude from the surface of

A

olfactory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Most of the cells in olfactory epithelium are supporting cells but between them

A

sensory cells capable of detecting odours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The basal cells contain

A

pigment granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The larynx is lined by

A

respiratory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The larynx is lined by a respiratory epithelium except for

A

the vocal folds that are covered by a stratified squamous epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why are the vocal folds are covered by a stratified squamous epithelium

A

This type of epithelium is more robust, is accustomed to wear and can withstand the vibrations of the folds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what do the vocal chords contain and whats it called

A

The folds contain the free upper margin of a cone of elastic tissue (conus elasticus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what This cone is tensioned by

A

the voluntary (skeletal) muscle fibres of the vocalis muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Further manipulation of the folds is undertaken by

A

the extrinsic muscles of the larynx including the crico-thyroid muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The larynx contains several plates of

A

hyaline cartilage and a complex arrangment of striated muscles embedded in fibrous connective tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The trachea is lined by

A

seudo-stratified cilated epithelium (respiratory epithelium).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

It is held open by

A

12-15 incomplete (‘C’ shaped) rings of hyaline cartilage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

The ends of the ‘C’ lie posteriorly, towards the oesophagus and are joined by

A

an involuntary smooth muscle (trachealis muscle).

37
Q

Deep to the epithelium are

A

are numerous sero-mucous (mixed) glands and lymph nodules.

38
Q

Bronchi are lined by

A

pseudostratified cilated epithelium (respiratory epithelium).

39
Q

the bronchi are held open by

A

an external framework of hyaline cartilage. This often appears as isolated islands of cartilage in thin section but these are part of a network of interconnecting meshwork of struts.

40
Q

A band of smooth muscle underlies the epithelium in the

A

bronchi

41
Q

MALT

A

mucosa associated lymph tissue

42
Q

bronchi Lymph nodules that are part of MALT (mucosa associated lymph tissue) lie in the

A

underlying connective tissue close to the epithelium.

43
Q

Bronchioles divide repeatedly and are typically less than 1 mm in diameter. They are lined by

A

a simple ciliated epithelium (respiratory epithelium).

44
Q

Are bronchioles supported by hyaline cartilage

A

They are not supported by hyaline cartilage but display a prominent band of smooth muscle in their wall.

45
Q

Where do lymph nodules lie in bronchioles

A

Lymph nodules lie in the underlying connective tissue.

46
Q

The conducting system of the lungs (bronchial tree) ends with

A

small diameter terminal bronchioles.

47
Q

Terminal bronchioles are lines y and include what cells

A

a simple cuboidal epithelium that is only sparsely ciliated. But it includes Clara cells whose precise role remains unresolved.

48
Q

What surrounds the airway at the terminal bronchioles and is able to regulate the ventilation of the alveoli distal to it.

A

A prominent sphincter-like ring of smooth muscle

49
Q

respiratory bronchioles. These are lined by

A

similar epithelium to terminal, but these bronchioles are usually larger in diameter than terminal ones. They mark the beginning of the respiratory portion of the lung.

50
Q

Alveoli account for most of the volume of the lung. They consist of

A

delicate air-filled sacks, the walls which are a delicate nextwork of blood capillaries sandwiched between the simple squamous epithelia that line the air sacks themselves.

51
Q

The simple squamous epithelium of alveoli is composed of extremely thin

A

Type I cells and globular Type II cells

52
Q

The Type I pneumoctyes cells cover

A

cover most of the surface

53
Q

Type II pneumoctyes are distributed

A

at intervals around the magins

54
Q

What do Type II pneumoctyes do

A

synthesize and secrete surfactant that spreads out over the whole lining of the air sacs and facilitates inflation of the air sacs during inspiration

55
Q

Embedded within the alveolar walls are fibroblasts that produce

A

a framework of reticulin (collagen III) and substantial amounts of elastic tissue that is important for the elastic recoil of the lungs during exhalation.

56
Q

About 70% of the surface area of the alveolar sacs is less than 1 micrometre thick (between air sac and capillary lumen) allowing

A

rapid diffusion of gases across this air blood barrier (see later). Elsewhere cell nuclei and connective tissue elements add to the thickness of the walls of the aveoli.

57
Q

Adjoining alveoli that arise from the same terminal bronchiole are interconnected by

A

pores that ensure equal inflation.

58
Q

Macrophages have black specks have

A

engulfed carbon particles

59
Q

How thick is the air blood barrier

A

0.2 and 0.6 micrometres thick

60
Q

The barrier consists of a flattened

A

Type I cell (pneumocyte) on the alveolar side

and a flattened capillary endothelial cell on the capillary side.

61
Q

What two cells are fused to an intervening basement membrane

A

Type I cell (pneumocyte) on the alveolar side and a flattened capillary endothelial cell on the capillary side.

62
Q

The surface of the Type I pneumocytes is covered by a thin layer

A

lipid-rich surfactant that is synthesized and secreted by the Type II cells.

63
Q

Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across five layers:

A

(i) surfactant,
(ii) alveolar cell,
(iii) basement membrane,
(iv) capillary endothelium
(v) red cell membrane.

64
Q

Type II pneumocytes are

A

globular cells that are interspersed with the flattened Type I pneumocytes of the alveolar wall.

65
Q

What does evidence suggest about Type II pneumocytes

A

Evidence suggests that they are stem cells from which Type I pneumocytes arise.

66
Q

purpose Type II pneumocytes

A

They synthesise, store and secrete surfactant, a phospholipid-based secretion that spreads out over the whole lining of the alveolus.

67
Q

Why do Type II pneumocytes secrete surfactant, a phospholipid-based secretion that spreads out over the whole lining of the alveolus.

A

. It reduces surface tension within the alveolus, facilitating expansion and collapse of the air sacs during respiration.
It also helps to prevent desiccation of the air sacs by forming a lipid-like insulating layer over the surface of the alveolus.

68
Q

Macrophages roam freely within the alveoli doing what

A

phagocytosing particulate material and cell debris.

69
Q

macrophages differentiate from

A

monocytes that migrate from the blood stream.

70
Q

Other resident macrophages remain within the substance of the lung and

A

engulf material that penetrates the alveolar wall.

71
Q

Large pulmonary blood vessels accompany the bronchi. Many are indistinguishable from their systemic counterparts. However large pulmonary arteries have

A

longitudinally running elastic fibres in their walls

72
Q

Large pulmonary veins often have a clearly defined medial layer consisting of

A

muscle and elastic fibres and a well marked internal elastic lamina.

73
Q

Smaller pulmonary veins that accompany the bronchioles are difficult to distinguish from their equivalent arteries since they often have

A

similar amounts of smooth muscle in their walls probably due to the fact that the pressure in pulmonary arteries and veins is very similar.

74
Q

What lines the bronchi

A

Resp epthlium

75
Q

The alveoli are lined by

A

pneumocytes.

76
Q

The nares are lined by

A

stratified squamous keratinising epithelium

77
Q

The vocal cords are lined by

A

non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium.

78
Q

The apex of the nasopharynx is lined by

A

olfactory epithelium.

79
Q

What type of tissue holds open the larynx and trachea?

A

The larynx and trachea are supported by hyaline cartilage (present as C-rings in the trachea). This holds the airways open against negative pressure during inspiration.

80
Q

What tissue bridges the gap between the free ends of C-shapedcartilages in the trachea?

A

Between the free ends of the hyaline cartilaginous rings in the trachea there is a smooth muscle called trachealis.

81
Q

what is present within the walls of bronchi but not bronchioles?

A

Bronchioles are small conducting airways. They have similar histological features, but bronchioles do not contain cartilage within their walls.

82
Q

Where is Reinke’s space?

A

Reinke’s space is occupied by the loose irregular fibrous tissue in the vocal cords
Reinke’s space lies between the vocal epithelium and the vocal ligament. Beneath that is the vocalis muscle

83
Q

Which cells secrete surfactant?

A

Type II pneumocytes

84
Q

Goblet cells produce what

A

mucus`

85
Q

Clara cells secrete what

A

lipoproteins that prevent luminal adhesion

86
Q

Type 1 pneumocytes form what

A

the air/blood barrier.

87
Q

How many cell layers are there in the air blood barrier?

A

Two: type 1 pneumocyte (T1P) and vascular endothelial cell (VEC).

88
Q

How thick is the air-blood barrier?

A

only 600-800 nm!

89
Q

Where are the pores of Kohn?

A

Pores of Kohn are small (1-12 μm) holes in the walls of alveoli, connecting adjacent alveoli to each other. They allow rapid even distribution of air through the lung on inhalation, but they also permit microbes passage from one alveolus to another, and this can result in lobar pneumonia.

Histology Pracs (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions