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Histology Pracs > Prac 3 IMMS - Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Prac 3 IMMS - Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Origin of connective tissue

A

Derived from MESENCHYMAL CELLS

and from haematopoetic stem cell line

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2
Q

3 constituents of connective tissue

A

Cells
Ground Substance
Visible Fibres

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3
Q

Example of connective tissue cells

A
  • Fibroblasts

- Adipose

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4
Q

Example of connective tissue Ground substance

A
  • Proteoglycans

- Glycosaminoglycans

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5
Q

Example of connective tissue Visible fibres

A

collagen
elastic
reticulin

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6
Q

3 types of connective tissue

A

Fibrous
hard
fatty

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7
Q

Fibrous tissue types

A

loose

dense

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8
Q

e.g of hard connective tissue

A

Bone

Cartilage

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9
Q

Types of fatty connective tissue

A

white

brown

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10
Q

Collagen structure

A

Fibroblasts which secrete tropocollagen sub-units
- tropocollagen - triples helix of peptides

Individual collagen fibrils consists of overlapping linear strands of tropocollagen
-Each tropocollagen subunit consists of three linear polypeptide chains, (usually two similar and one dis-similar chains) wound together in an alpha helix.

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11
Q

How are collagen fibres assembles

A

EXTRACELLULARY

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12
Q

Type 1 collagen found

A

skin

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13
Q

Type 3 collagen?

A 
RETICULIN 
Provides scaffold for organs eg 
liver 
bone marrow 
spleen
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14
Q

Collagen with H&E?

A

Stain Pink

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15
Q

Whats the difference between muscle fibres and collagen fibres

A

Collagen = EXTRACELLULAR

Muscle fibres = INTRACELLULAR

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16
Q

Describe loose connective tissue

A

Widely spread thin collagen fibres and fibroblasts

with unstained ground substance inbetween

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17
Q

Describe dense connective tissue

A

Closely packed thick fibres with intervening nuclei of the fibroblasts that have produced them
less abundant unstained ground substance

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18
Q

Describe dense connective tissue

A

Closely packed thick fibres with intervening nuclei of the fibroblasts that have produced them
less abundant unstained ground substance

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19
Q

Example of regular and irregular connective tissue

A

Regular - tendons

irregular - penil fascia

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20
Q

Purpose of the Fibroblast

A

Synthesis of extracellular matrix, also can synthesize several different extracellular constituents depending on its environment and mode of stimulation.

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21
Q

Soft connective tissue

A

flexible and gel-like, present in most tissues interspersed between the major tissue elements, divisible into fibrous or fatty connective tissue.

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22
Q

Hard connective tissue:

A

various forms of cartilage and bone.

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23
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

containing large numbers of fibres such as collagen, elastic or reticulin. Described as loose irregular if it contains few visible fibres that are randomly orientated or dense irregular if it contains large numbers of fibres with relatively little intervening amorphous matrix. Dense regular connective tissue contains large numbers of fibres that are all arranged in long parallel bundles.

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24
Q

Fatty connective tissue

A

containing mainly fat cells with intervening blood vessels particularly capillaries.

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25
Q

Structure of Elastic tissue

A

consists of microfibres of fibrillin set in an amorphous matrix of elastin. It forms fine fibres or flat sheets.

26
Q

How can elastin be distinguished if they both look so similar with H&E

A

They may stain more strongly than collagen and sometimes produce a glassy birefringent appearance.

27
Q

Where is elastin found?

A

It is present in most connective tissues and in the walls of blood vessels.

28
Q

How are the walls of the arterys near the heart different from other arteries?

A

the wall of most arteries contains a large amount of smooth muscle but in those close to the heart the muscle is replaced by concentric sheets of elastic tissue.

29
Q

What stain used to distinguish elastic fibres?

A

Van Gieson - Appear dark brown

30
Q

How is the thick medial layer in the wall of the carotid artery different to wall in muscular arteries

A

The thick medial layer contains many concentric layers (sheets) of elastic tissue that stain brown. This elastic tissue replaces the smooth muscle found in this layer in muscular arteries.

31
Q

Which is more abundant. white or brown adipose

A

White fat is far more abundant.

32
Q

Structure and purpose of white fatty cells

A

It consists of large cells each with a single fat droplet. These cells are used to protect the vital organs and also serve as energy stores.

33
Q

Why does fatty connective tissue display a rich network of fine blood vessels.

A

Fat is usually deposited alongside capillaries

34
Q

When is brown fat abundant?

A

Brown fat is abundant in the new-born but has a limited distribution around the body in later life.

35
Q

Why is brown fat refered to as multi-locular

A

the cells contain numerous separate droplets of fat rather than one single one.

36
Q

How are cells embedded in cartilage

A

the cells are embedded in a dense glycosaminoglycan rich matrix containing variable amounts of collagen and elastic tissue. This is flexible, compressible and hardwearing.

37
Q

How is cartilage formed

A

formed initially by chondroblasts . These eventually become trapped within the matrix and mature into chondrocytes. The trapped cells are unable to migrate through the matrix.

cartilage is formed initially by chondroblasts that differentiate from precursor cells in the perichondrium. Once the cells become trapped in the matrix they become quiescent chondrocytes.

38
Q

What is the perichondrium and whats its purpose

A

Cartilage is surrounded by a fibrous capsule (collagen), known as the perichondrium.

This capsule contains undifferentiated progenitor cells capable of differentiating into chondroblasts should the need arise.

39
Q

What are the 3 forms of cartilage

A

hyaline,
elastic and
fibrous cartilage

40
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

In hyaline cartilage the GAG-rich matrix contains fine fibrils of collagen and elastic which can not be resolved with a light microscope but confer a glassy appearance on the matrix. Hyaline cartilage normally stains poorly with the H&E stain.
Articular surfaces, the supporting ‘rings’ of the trachea and the cartilages of the larynx are all examples of hyaline cartilage. Also, all long bones of the body are formed initially from hyaline cartilage which is subsequently replaced by bone by the process of endochondral ossification

41
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

irregularly arranged fibres of elastic can be seen in the matrix. The epiglottis and the pinna of the ear both contain this form of cartilage. As the name suggests this form of cartilage has increased elasticity

42
Q

Fibrous cartilage

A

In this the matrix is filled with collagen which can be seen often as distinct bands. Inter-vertebral discs are largely composed of this form of cartilage.

43
Q

Describe fibrous cartilage in vertebrae

A

discs have a thick fibrous outer shell with a more fluid centre. Chrondrocytes are distributed throughout both phases although the ‘texture’ of the matrix varies.
In the outer casing strong bands of collagen fibres are evident while at the centre the collagen is more evenly dispersed.

44
Q

Where is skeletal muscle found?

A

ound mainly attached to the bony skeleton and responsible for its stability and movement.

45
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

found in many internal organs and in blood vessels.

46
Q

Other groups of contractile cells …

A

There are also a group of other cells with contractile properties including pericytes, that lie alongside some small blood vessels, myofibroblasts, that are involved in scar formation and myoepithelial cells whose role is to assist with the expression of milk during lactation.

47
Q

Structure of smooth muscle

A

consists of discrete cells couple together by cell junctions so that they function as a whole.

48
Q

How does smooth muscle appear in longitudinal and transverse sections

A

When cut longitudinally the cells appear elongated with tapered ends (fusiform) and their nuclei appear cylindrical.

When sectioned transversely both the cells and their nuclei appear round.

49
Q

How are contractile proteins organised in smooth muscle

A

The contractile proteins within smooth muscle cells are not organised into regularly repeating sarcomeres (as in skeletal muscle) but are anchored focally (in clumps) to the inside of the cell membrane.

50
Q

How are smooth muscle cells joined together?

A

Smooth muscle cells secrete a reticulin rich external lamina (basement membrane) that joins the cells together.
The cells are joined by gap junctions (electrically coupled) that permit a stimulus to pass rapidly through the muscle,.
They also have a number of surface receptors which allows them to respond to a variety of hormonal stimuli.

51
Q

What type of junctions joins smooth muscle cells together?

A

Gap junctions

52
Q

Structure of the gap junction which joins smooth muscle cells together

A

Each junction consist of a complex of 6 connexon proteins that span the cell membranes linking the interiors of adjacent muscle cells.

53
Q

How do gap junctions work?

A

The guarded central pore in the connexon complex permits small molecular weight molecules (signal molecules) to pass from one cell to the next in the chain, electrically coupling them and allowing the contraction stimulus to pass from one cell to the next without the need to be transported across the cell membranes (quicker!).

54
Q

Eg. of invisible fibres

A

Laminin

Fibronectin

55
Q

Example of cells derived from mesenchymal cells

A

Fibroblasts
Osteoblasts
Chondroblasts

56
Q

Example of cells derived from heamatopoetic stem cells

A

Monocytes

57
Q

Purpose of white adipose tissue

A

Shock absorber
Energy storage
Insulation

58
Q

Purpose of brown adipose tissue

A

Generates heat

ESP. In babies bc high SA:V ratio

59
Q

Ligament

A

Connect bone to bone

60
Q

Tendon

A

Connect muscle to bone

Histology Pracs (9 decks)

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