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Histology Pracs > Prac 1 IMMS - Intro > Flashcards

Prac 1 IMMS - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the fluid inside thyroid tissue called

A

Colloid

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2
Q

Why are there white holes in the images of thyroid cells

A

The lining epithelial cells are absorbing the colloid

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3
Q

What do thyroid cells look like

A
  1. Circles in 2D. Spheres in 3D

2. Lined by single layer if cuboidal/ columnar epithelial cells

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4
Q

Type 1 of preparing tissue (5steps)

A
  1. Preserved by fixing it in formalin, which is aqueous sol of FORMALDEHYDE
  2. Prevents tissue from rotting
  3. Embedded in parafin - involves extraction of H20 and other substances
  4. V thin slices (4um) made
  5. Mounted on microscope slides and stained
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5
Q

Preparing tissue by producing smear is used for?

A

Solids & fluids e.g. blood — seeing whole cells not slices

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6
Q

How to examine hard tissue e.g. bone

A

EITHER
Demineralise it to produce thin sections
OR
If want to see mineralised structure, grind it down to produce thick slice

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7
Q

Most commonly used dye combination

A

H&E - Haematoxylin and eosin

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8
Q

What colour does Haematoxylin stain Nuclei and RNA and why?

A

Blue bc acidic

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9
Q

What colour does eosin stain cytoplasm and extracelullar fibres

A

pink

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10
Q

What doesn’t stain with H&E and therefore appears as white spaces

A

Watery extracellular jelly

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11
Q

What are the 2 things white spaces could be when stained with H&E

A

GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN matrix
OR
Artefact - where tissues have failed apart slightly during processing

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12
Q

What does PAS stain? and colour

A

SUGARS MAGENTA eg goblet cells in small Intestine

and glycosaminoglycans in intestinal brush border

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13
Q

What does VAN GIESON stain and colour

A

Elastic ( which is difficult to detect with H&E) = wavy brownish bands

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14
Q

ALCIAN BLUE stains what and colour

A

Mucins - Blue

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15
Q

Why are some cells small?

A

Need to move around body to complete function e.g. Lymphocytes( 10um- v little cytoplasm n cell mem)

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16
Q

example of large cell

A

Motor neurone (cell body = 70-100um) but axon can be up to 1m

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17
Q

Meaning of Fusiform and example

A

Spindle shaped/ eliptical eg smooth muscle cells

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18
Q

Meaning of squamous and example

A

‘Thin plates” eg squamous epithelium which goes from polygonal cells to squamous as they mature

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19
Q

Shape of erythrocytes

A

Biconcave discs

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20
Q

Shape of Thyroid cells

A

cuboidal

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21
Q

Shape of gallbladder cells

A

Columnar

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22
Q

Why are dormant cells smaller than metabolically active cells?

A

Do not need to maintain elaborate cellular mechanical machinery in order to exist - only need small no. of mitochondria and ER

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23
Q

Nucleoli function?

A

DNA —> RNA in transcription

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24
Q

What type of cell is more likely to have nucleoli

A

Metabolically active

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25
Q

Lifespan of cells in lining of gut

A

days

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26
Q

Lifespan of erythrocytes

A

120 days

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27
Q

Lifespan of cells skin

A

months

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28
Q

Lifespan of connective tissue cells

A

months

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29
Q

Lifespan of cells in bone

A

years

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30
Q

Lifespan of cells in tendons

A

years

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31
Q

Lifespan of cells in skeletal muscle

A

nearly whole life ( limited regeneration )

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32
Q

Lifespan of cells in brain and nerves

A

life

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33
Q

Lifespan of cells in cardiac muscle

A

life

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34
Q

Lifespan of germ cells

A

life

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35
Q

Dark chromatin

A

heterochromatin

36
Q

Lighter chromatin

A

euchchromatin

37
Q

size of nucleolus

A

1-3um

38
Q

What happens in outer mem of mitochondria

A
  • lipid synthesis

- fatty acid metabolism

39
Q

What happens in inner membrane of mitochondria

A
  • site of respiratory chain

- & atp prod

40
Q

What happens in matrix of mitochondria

A

Krebs cycle

41
Q

What happens in intermembrane space of mitochondria

A

Nucleotide phosphorylation

ADP —–> ATP

42
Q

RER function

A

site of protein synthesis

43
Q

SER function

A
  • site of membrane lipid synthesis

- processes synthesised proteins

44
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A
  • Processes macromolecules synthesised in ER
45
Q

In what cell is the golgi apparatus visible by light microscopy

A

Plasma Cell - seen as PERINUCLEAR HOFF (paler area)

46
Q

Characteristics of plasma cells?

A
  • ECCENTRIC NUCLEUS ( located towards edge of cell)

- CLOCKFACE NUCLEUS ( prominent pattern of euchromatin and heterochromatin)

47
Q

What is a plasma cell?

A

Activated B-lymphocyte which produces antibodies

48
Q

cisFace of golgi apparatus

A
  • Nuclear facing
  • Receives transport vesicles from SER
  • Phosphorylates some proteins
49
Q

Medial Golgi

A
  • central part

- forms complex OLIGOSACCHARIDES by adding sugars to lipids and peptides

50
Q

Trans Golgi network

A
  • proteolysis

- Sorts macromolecules into vesicles which bud from the surface

51
Q

2 types of cell surface derived vesicles

A
  • PINOCYTOTIC

- PHAGOCYTOTIC

52
Q

5 Types of vesicle

A
  • cell surface derived
  • ER derived
  • Golgi derived
  • lysosomes
  • peroxisomes
53
Q

peroxisome purpose

A

mem bound organelles containing enzymes which oxidise long chain fatty acids `

54
Q

Why lysosome dangerous?

A

Bc site of protein degradation

55
Q

How is cell protected from lysosome degradation

A

Separation between enzymes which lower pH and enzymes which degrade proteins at low pH

= HYDROLASE vesicles fuse with ENDOSOMES == ENDOLYSOSOMES (which can do both)

Endosomes - bare H+ -ATPase on them- pumps H+ in vesicle = lowers pH
Hydrolase- contains enzymes which degrade at low pH

56
Q

Cytoskeleton function

A
  • made of many filaments

- supports cell shape

57
Q

Smallest microfilament?

A

Actin

58
Q

what is actin and what does it do

A
  • Globular G-actin polymerises into filamentous F-actin

- forms bracing mesh ( CELL CONTEX) on the inner surface of cell membrane

59
Q

What forms meshwork of microtubules when cells divide and why

A

TUBULIN - used to act as a scaffold for chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis
- made of alpha and beta tubulin which arrange in groups of 13 to form hollow tubes

60
Q

Only cell tubulin isn’t found in and why

A

erythrocytes bc they don’t divide

61
Q

how many types of intermediate filaments are there

A

6 types of protein

62
Q

what do intermediate filaments do and how do they work

A

they’re anchored to transmembrane proteins and spread tensile forces through tissues
BUT
Specific functions of diff types not known

63
Q

How do intermediate filaments have diagnostic utilities

A

bc with immunohistochemistry can stain diff cells for diff types of intermediate filaments ( IM) - and diff types of IM are found in diff cell types

64
Q

where cytokeratins found

A

epithelial cells

65
Q

where desmin found

A

Myocytes

66
Q

where glial fibrillary acidic protein found

A

astrocytic glial cells

67
Q

where neurofilament proteins found

A

neurones

68
Q

where nuclear laminin found

A

nuclei of all cells

69
Q

Where vimentin found

A

mesodermal cells

70
Q

Why is lipofuscin found

A

result of peroxidation of lipids in older cells (wear and tear pigment)

71
Q

where is lipofuscin found most commonly

A

hearts and livers of elderly

72
Q

What does lipofuscin look like

A

men-bound orange brown pigment

73
Q

where do lipids accumulate

A

non- membrane bound vacuoles

74
Q

why do lipids appear as white spaces in cells

A

bc dissolve in processing

75
Q

lipids normally found where

A

adipocytes (fat cells)

76
Q

lipids abnormally found where

A

hepadocytes (Liver cells )

77
Q

what is the only microscopy is glycogen seen in

A

electron

  • however are diseases where glycogen accumulates in cytoplasm of cells and become visible with light microscopy
78
Q

Why does glycogen appear as white spaces

A
  • doesn’t stain

- washes out during tissue processing

79
Q

Whats in interstitial fluid

A
  • water
  • salts in solution
  • peptides & proteins
  • extracellular solid material like fibrillar proteins eg tendons and glycosaminoglycan jelly
80
Q

some tissues have inorganic salts as solids in them e.g….

A

calcium in bone

81
Q

types of epithelia tissue

A
  • protection
  • absorbtion
  • secretion
82
Q

types of muscle tissue

A
  • Skeletal
  • smooth
  • cardiac
83
Q

types of supporting tissues

A
  • cartilage
  • bone
  • tendons
  • blood
84
Q

types of nerves

A
  • brain
  • peripheral
  • visceral
85
Q

types of germ cells

A
  • ova

- sperm

Histology Pracs (9 decks)

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