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Histology Pracs > Prac 2 IMMS - Epithelia > Flashcards

Prac 2 IMMS - Epithelia Flashcards

1
Q

What cells are found in the epithelia of the intestines

A

goblet cells

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2
Q

Which intestine’s epithelia has more goblet cells?

A

Large intestine

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3
Q

what does the basement mem form

A

a permeabilty barrier between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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4
Q

What are and what do goblet cells do ?

A
  1. Single cell glands

2. Produce protective mucus that spreads over the entire surface of the epithelium when secreted

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5
Q

absorbative epithelial cells of intestine called ?

A

enterocytes

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6
Q

why do enterocytes have microvilli

A

1 increase SA for absorbtion

2 serve as attatchment sites of exo-enzymes that help digest incoming nutrients

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7
Q

Where in the body are the microvilli especially developed

A

Gut and kidney tubules

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8
Q

Which stain is the brush border much more visible in with light microscopy

A

PAS

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9
Q

How many cilia per epithelial cell

A

300

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10
Q

What do cilia do

A
  1. Help to transport mucus which contains inhaled particles towards the throat
  2. Help to transport the ovum towards the uterus in the uterine tube
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11
Q

Where does simple cuboidal epithelia occur?

A

Ducts of glands
e.g. Sweat
Saliva
Pancreas

Also in kidney where they form much of the nephron

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12
Q

Where is simple columnar microvillied epithelium found

A

gut enterocytes

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13
Q

Where is simple columnar ciliated epithelium found

A

Respiratory tract

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14
Q

Serosa ?

A

Single layer of squamous epithelial cells

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15
Q

pleural cavities?

A

thoracic

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16
Q

Peritoneal cavities ?

A

Abdominal

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17
Q

What are the outer layers of most thoracic and abdominal organs surrounded by?

A

Single layer of squamous epithelia

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18
Q

How come lungs and intestines can move freely without sticking to each other?

A

Epithelial layers are kept moist by a watery (SEROUS) exudate

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19
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelia found?

A

Thoracic cavities
Abdominal Cavities
Alveoli
Lining all blood and lymphatic vessels

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20
Q

Thinnest type of epithelium?

A

Simple Squamous Epithelium

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21
Q

Describe Simples Squamous Epithelium

A

single flattened layer of cells with cylindrical or elliptical nuclei whose long axes lie parallel to the bases of the cells.

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22
Q

What does non- keratinising stratified squamous epithelium line?

A 
Mouth
Throat
oesophagus 
Anus 
Vagina
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23
Q

keritinised stratified squamous epithelium forms?

A

epidermal layer of skin

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24
Q

What is pseudo- stratified epithelium

A

appears stratified but its closer to simple epithelium

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25
Q

how does non- keratinising stratified squamous epithelium remain moist

A

secretion of glands

and by a fluid that exudes the layers of cells

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26
Q

Two main layers of skin

A

Outer epidermis and deeper dermis

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27
Q

what is keratin

A

a dense protein which fills the cytoplasm of the cells rendering them tough and waterproof.

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28
Q

What happens Once cells are filled with keratin

A

The cells die and eventaully become detached from the underlying layers and are sloughed off.

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29
Q

How does skin produce keratin

A

upper layers synthesize a unique collection of proteins that interact with the cytoskeleton of the cells to produce keratin

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30
Q

Example where pseudo-stratified epithelia is found

A

Trachea

Bronchi

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31
Q

How can you tell that trachea epithelium is pseudo stratified ?

A

In the contracted state the epithelium appears multi-layered (pseudostratified) but when stretched it is often reduced to single layer of cells.

32
Q

What are two features of pseudostratified epithelia that distinguish them from stratified epithelia.

A
  1. All cells have direct contact with the basement membrane
  2. The cells are replaced by lateral migration rather than by vertical migration as is the case with stratified epithelia.
33
Q

Three types of cell junctions

A
  1. Desmosomes
  2. Tight (adherent)
  3. Gap
34
Q

What are Exocrine glands

A

Remain in contact with the surface from which they are derived by means of ducts

35
Q

What do Exocrine glands do?

A

secrete fluids, lubricants or digestive enzymes on to the epithelial surface.

36
Q

3 examples of glands?

A
  1. Sweat glands of the skin,
  2. The salivary glands that produce lubricants and enzymes to digest food
  3. The glands of the respiratory tract that produce a protective layer of mucus.
37
Q

what do the serous components in mouth do

A

Produce enzymes that help to digest food or are concerned with oral hygiene.

38
Q

What do the mucous elements do?

A

produce salivary mucus that helps to lubricate the bolus of food enabling it to be swallowed more easily.

39
Q

mucous staining?

A

Pale

40
Q

serous staining?

A

dark

41
Q

How are mucus secreting cells organised

A

mucus-secreting cells are contained in separate acini (clusters) from the serous-secreting cells but occassionally mixed acini are encountered.

42
Q

Difference in appearance in mucus secreting cells

A

The nuclei of the serous cells appear round while those of the mucous cells appear flattened and lie at the outside edges of the acini (towards the bases of the cells)

43
Q

Epithelia structure

A

A cohesive sheet of cells, with one or more layers resting gone a basement membrane

44
Q

Three purposes of epithelia & examples

A

Protection e.g. Skin
Absorption e.g. Gut
Secretion e.g Pancreas

45
Q

What does simples squamous epithelium line and what is this called?

A
  1. inside of blood vessels - endothelium
  2. outside of lungs - mesothelium
  3. abdominal organs - peritoneum
46
Q

Describe simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Single layer of cells w similar height and width on a basement membrane
central spherical nucleus

47
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium lines?

A

Tubules of kidneys

small ducts e.g. in salivary glands

48
Q

describe simple columnar epithelium

A

Singler layer of cells taller than they are wide on a basement membrane
- May or may not have cilia or microvilli

49
Q

simple columnar epithelium lines?

A

surface of stomach and SM and uterus

50
Q

What are microvilli

A

Microscopic projections on luminal surface of absorptive cells

51
Q

Function of microvilli

A
  1. increase SA = absrobtion of h20 and substances can take place
  2. intestinal brush border
52
Q

What are cilia

A

microscopic motile projections on luminal surface of cells

Fine hair projections - longer than microvilli

53
Q

How do cilia work

A

Contain contractile proteins which allows them to rhythmically beat

54
Q

Example of cilia working

A

In Respiratory tract - eg trachea

cilia beats to waft the mucus away from lungs towards the larynx

55
Q

Example of cilia working

A

In reproductive tract e.g- Fallopian tube

waft fluid and fertilised ovum from ovary towards UTERINE CAVITY- where implantation and pregnancy can occur

56
Q

Where is stratified epithelial found?

A 
In parts of body that are exposed to frequent frictional (abrasive ) force 
eg  
skin 
mouth 
oesophagus
vagina and cervix
57
Q

Function of Stratified epithelia

A

Protective - many layers of cells continually being worn down, worn away cells can be replaced from below

58
Q

2 types of stratified squamous epithelia

A

keritinising and non-keritinising

59
Q

Purpose of non-kerinising squamous epithelia

A

wet sites where no need for waterproofing - oesophagus

60
Q

Why does the cytoplasm of non-keritinising squamous epithelia sometime look paler ?

A

Bc the epithelial cells accumulate glycogen at certian points in the menstrual cycle

61
Q

Purpose of Stratified squamous keritinised epithelia

A

Waterproofs skin prevents water moving in and out in wet or dry environments

62
Q

describe Stratified squamous keritinised epithelia

A

Same as normal:
Multiple layers of cells on a basement mem
As mature become squamous bc move from basement membrane towards the surface
BUT ALSO
As mature accumulate keratin protein into the cytoplasm - therefore die = dead flat plates of keratin

63
Q

Describe pseudo-stratified epithelium

A

Single layer of cells of variable height mimicking multiple layers on a basement mem
All cells in contact with basement mem
Nuclei at different heights = appears as layers even tho not

64
Q

where is CILIATED PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM FOUND

A

conducting airways- RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM

65
Q

Whats the epithelium in bladder called?

A

UROTHELIUM

66
Q

Describe urothelium

A

Looks stratified - but more than one layer in contact with basement mem
but surface layer cells (umbrella cells) are not

67
Q

urothelium lines?

A

collecting part of urinary tract

68
Q

What is basement mem composed of?

A

several extracellular proteins eg
COLLAGEN IV
FIBRONECTIN

69
Q

Stain for basement mem

A

PAS - magenta

70
Q

“Contact inhibition” of epithelial cells

A

They grow if not surrounded by neighbours But when in contact stop growing

71
Q

3 TYPES of epithelial junctions

A
  1. Occluding (tight)
  2. Desmosomes ( Anchoring/ Adherent)
  3. Gap
72
Q

Describe occluding junctions

A
  • Band like fusions between cells that are impervious to most molecules
73
Q

Purpose of occluding junctions

A

Prevent diffusion between cells

74
Q

describe desmosomes

A

Plaques that form physical joins between cells and connect the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells

75
Q

Purpose of desmosomes

A

Spread forces across several cells to increase likelyhood of single cells surviving

76
Q

Describe purpose of gap junctions

A

Electrical junctions that permit the transfer of small molecules and ions between adjacent epithelial cells = ELECTRICALLY COUPLED

Histology Pracs (9 decks)

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