pr q1 gr12 Flashcards
2 approach research
quali quanti
Complete detailed
description
quali
classify feature, count them a nd construct statistical models.
quanti
researcher is the primal data gathering instrument
quali
all aspect of the study are carefully designed before data is collected
quanti
data is rich, time-consuming and less able to be genralized
quali
data nis more efficient, able to test hypothesis but may miss contextual details
quati
research can be
basic or applied
Information gathering.
Answering what, why, and how research questions
basic
A non-systematic process of providing solutions to the specific problems or
issues.
applied
WHY MUST WE CONDUCT
RESEARCH? aims:
TO CREATE NEW
KNOWLEDGE
VALIDATE AND PROVE
EXISTING KNOWLEDGE
TO UTILIZE NEW
KNOWLEDGE
To prove the researchers
4 research design
correlation
casual comparative
experimental
descripyive
Attempts to know the degree of the relationship
between two or more variables using statistical
information
correlation
Ex. The more time you spend running on a thread-mill,
the more calories you will burn.
——–
Ex. A student who has many absences, has a decrease
in grades.
——–
Ex. The height of the students and exam scores.
positive negative zero
Tries to explain the cause-and-effect relationship
among variables.
Ex: The effect of taking multivitamins on a students’
school absenteeism.
casual-comparative
The most effective method for testing cause and
effect relationship.
It is also known as true experimentation as it uses the scientific method to gain the viable and
acceptable results.
Ex: Effect of salt on the plant growth.
experimentla
A means to describe a behavior of a variable
without manipulating it.
Possibly the simplest research design as in only tries to describe what exists and may
help uncover new findings and learnings
Ex. A company studies the behavior of its customers to
identify its target market before it launches a new
product
descriptive
2 variables
independent iv dependent dv
Input variable, the
controlled or manipulated
by the Researcher.
independent
Outcome variable,
affected by the
independent variable.
dependent
2 statistical data
categorical numerical
categorical 2
nominal ordinal
- Categories with no
order ranking.
classifies individuals, objects, or responses based on the common
characteristic though it is limited to descriptive categories
cannot be ranked
because these are limited to descriptive categories, though we may count the frequencies
nominal
- Categories that
maintain an order.
it has a characteristics of nominal variables but ranked in a certain order
ordinal
2 numerical
interval ratio
- True zero point, where
zero does not exist
has the characteristics of the other three (3) variables.
They are
based on a fixed beginning point which is called a “true zero (0) point”, where the value of zero (0)
does not exist.
ratio
Used to measure
variables with equal intervals
between values.
– numerical variables that are rank-ordered, with values in ranges
interval
n once said: “Research is what I am doing when
I do not know what I am doing.”
clue: German-American rocket scientist
Wernher Von Braun
a task that involves studying and trying to gain and find out facts
about it
research
The latter is sought only to gain
new knowledge or to gain a significant amount or mastery in a given subject
or topic,
basic
is done to seek application of knowledge
even if the information is old.
applied
The knowledge that we have at present may be outdated.
It is the responsibility of the researcher to gain new information about a certain topic.
Create new knowledge or information –
It is important that knowledge should not remain stagnant. Using the
acquired knowledge could produce other facts. Learning can only be appreciated fully if it is used
or applied.
Utilize the new knowledge –
an established fact can be rendered outdated and is prone to be
challenged. In order for this fact to become a reliable or credible, research should be done in order
to validate its truthfulness.
Validate existing knowledge
conducting research challenges the researcher to be creative, ethical and
seek help from reputable individuals if s/he is having difficulty. Conducting research also makes
the researcher contribute more for the well-being of others.
Improve the researcher
The former is concerned on the examination of relationship between variables with the goal
to study the relationship mathematically through statistical analysis
quanti
The latter is concerned with
explaining and searching answer about a phenomena or an occurrence.
quali
These two (2) are often
employed when conducting research in the field of social science.
quali quanti
A researcher must first determine
which of these two main approach s/he should use. After that, a research should determine which———-
research design
s. These observable traits can be called as ——. These ——
serve as a foundation for gathering, organizing, presenting, and studying data in quantitative research
variables
also known as the input variable is the probable cause of an
occurrence. It does not easily change. It is the variable that is controlled or manipulated by the
researcher so s/he may know if altering it would change the dependent variable or at least give off
minute reactions.
The ——- is the condition that you change in an experiment or study.
This is the variable that you can control. Its value is not affected and does not depend on the state of any other variable in an experiment.
independent
also known as the outcome variable. It is affected by the
independent variables and changes due to the manipulation and alteration of the independent variable.
The ——– on the other hand is the condition that you measure in the experiment.
You test how it reacts to a change in the independent variable.
It is also known as the responding variable.
dependent
As mentioned, variables are measureable. The date variables contain can be grouped as categorical
variables or numerical variables. —–variables may be placed in a ranking order, while
—— variables have values or numerical measurements.
Categorical numerical
Identifying a —— or problem is one of the most important steps in the whole research
process.
research topic
- It is a general idea, problem, or issue being
considered for investigation. - It is a way of framing the question as a series
of simple but direct statements.
RESEARCH TOPIC
- Intended to be answered through research
- Helps the researcher focus on a particular
aspect of the overall body of knowledge that
s/he will frame through literature review.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
According to Clamor-Torneo &Torneo (2017), there are three (3) possible sources where we,
researchers, can get research topics:
personal
non-schollarly
scholarly sources
these sources primarily came from ——— experiences or the things a
researcher has observed in his or her everyday living. It comes from inclinations, views, or values
- Personal sources
– these sources come from newspaper, magazines, radio, television, and
internet sources. It provides data on current events. One advantage of these sources is that the
commentaries of the hosts of newscasts or radio programs may be subjected to empirical testing.
- Non-scholarly sources –
These are highly reputable sources that underwent rigorous review process.
These sources include journals, books, research papers, feasibility, and case studies written by
scholars, academics, industry experts, and research organizations.
e National Geographic? It can be
considered as ——- because the writers themselves are experts themselves and it took them
time to observe before they can publish their articles.
- Scholarly sources
A good research topic or problem should address the need of the people and it should be–
in ——-
relevant in reality
Any research or study starts with an
n introduction chapter
It gives the reader an overview of the
whole study. It introduces to the reader the research problem at hand and that it is interesting.
Careful thought must be applied to this part since it will be the first thing that the reader will notice.
The aim of this part is to capture the attention of the reader.
introduction chapter
the introduction part of
a research is the first chapter. This includes:
A. The Background of the Study
B. Statement of the Problem and the Research Questions
C. The Significance of the Study and the Scope and Delimitation
0r
bgs
sop
hypo
sots
scope and limitation
provides the reader with the context and tries to explain the circumstances
that befalls to studying the chosen research topic or problem.
The background of the study
It is —– that the researcher briefly
discuss what caught his or her attention. D
imperative
also known as the research puzzle or the problematique. The ——- is a formal
articulation of the specific topic which the researcher intends to solve through thorough studying. It is
important to problematize the topic and know the situation, problem, issue, or challenge. Writing this
part of the research should entail the discussion of the particular situation or issue that will be
researched.
statement of the problem
After the research problem has been determined, the research questions should now be formulated.
A good research question must have the following traits:
a. It should give the reader an obvious idea what the study is all about
b. It should be the core of the topic under study.
We must also know that there are values that a research question can give to the whole research:
a. It guides literature search as it narrows down the focus of the literature review.
b. It helps decide what appropriate research design to use.
c. It guides the researcher what data to collect, when to collect, how to collect, and from whom to
collect.
d. It is important in analyzing the data.
e. It limits the scope of the study thus preventing it from going off track.
f. It gives a clear sense of what the research wants to achieve.
In formulating the research questions, we must take note of what type of research questions to employ.
We need consider three (3) types of research questions:
descriptive
comparative
relatoinal
Seeks to objectively describe a particular attribute/s of a person, group,
organization, or occurrence.
dscriptive
this compares two (2) or more characteristics of two (2) or more persons
groups, organizations, or occurrence. This may involve comparing and/or contrasting the
relationships between variables or defining which has a greater value.
comparative
it seeks to understand the affinity of variables. In the realm of quantitative
research, all the aspects should be measurable. The relationship being studied can be simple
association, interaction or causality.
relational
y is to make the reader aware that the research is worth
studying. It tells the reader why the study is valuable and it somewhat markets the research that it will
contribute to society.
f the significance of the study
Before writing this part of the research, we need to consider the following
questions:
- Why is the study important?
- What contributions will it bring to your field of discipline?
- Who will benefit from your study?
aim to narrow the scope of a study. Examples of which is that this could focus on
specific variables, sites, specific participants, and others.
Delimitations
aim to identify potential weaknesses of the study. It can also relay the idea that the
research only aims to tap specific topic and nothing else since the theories or hypothesis limits it.
This section is a short narrative that will explain and provide clarifications that your study will only
tackle and cover certain aspects of your research. The scope is where you clearly set what your
study covers, it time frame, locations, subject, and objectives without any pretense that your study
covers anything beyond what is indicated.
Limitations –
After determining the research problem, we must now develop the
research title.
should
answer the “What” and the “What about the topic?” They said that it is imperative for a research to
capture the essence of the research problem in one sentence.
research title.
According to Sacred Heart University (n.d.), effective titles in a study have several characteristics:
- Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the study.
- Avoid using abbreviations.
- Use words that create a positive impression and stimulate reader interest.
- Use current nomenclature from the field of study.
- Identify key variables, both dependent and independent.
- May reveal how the paper will be organized.
- Suggest a relationship between variables which supports the major hypothesis.
- Is limited to 10 to 15 substantive words.
- Titles are usually in the form of a phrase, but can also be in the form of a question.
- Use correct grammar and capitalization with all first words and last words capitalized, including
the first word of a subtitle. All nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs that appear
between the first and last words of the title are also capitalized
The purpose of the ——- is to give a general idea of what is known about the topic. It also tests the strengths of the evidences pertaining to the topic and it gives more weight and credibility. Normally, the review of literature contains a summary, a synthesis, or an analysis of the main avowals in the existing literature
literature review
lists and sorts out the literature gathered by a researcher
summary table
summary table 8
First column – contains the title of the book/journal, volume, issue number, and page number.
Second column – title of the article
Third column – name of the author or researcher
Fourth column – objectives of the paper
Fifth column – variables used in the study
Sixth column – locus or place of the study
Seventh column – method used in the study
Eight column – conclusions of the study
mandated to protect original works of performers, writers, artists, and other professionals from being illegally replicated. It is illegal to copy works without giving due credit to the original author. This law anchors itself to ethics and all researchers must observe proper conduct
The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines or Republic Act 8293 specifically Part IV, Chapter 1, Section 171.7
A type of plagiarism where the researcher copies texts form a source word-per-word. One of the extreme cases of this type of plagiarism is when the researcher copies a passage or a whole document and attributes himself as the original author
cut and phase plagiarism
a type of intellectual dishonesty that involves the copying of texts and altering a few words but still maintains the correct sentence or paragraph structure. It could still be classified as plagiarism even if the author/s are credited and cited. It reflects the weak paraphrasing ability of the researcher.
mosaic plagarism
This type of plagiarism happens when an excerpt or a literature material is used citing a different author or an erroneous source.
misattribution plagiarism
2 misattribution plagiarism
accidental
intentional
this happens when there is careless or poor documentation on the part of the researcher
accidental
happens when the researcher is trying to hide something or is, most of the time, pressed for time.
intentional
apa stands for?
It was first published in ——-as a group of selected by-laws done by scholars whose mastery is in academic writing
amrican psychological association 1929
citations from the same authors need only one name from the group followed by the term et al. Et al means others in Latin. F
subsequent
is used as a foundation for formulating research questions, hypothesis, and the procedure on how to collect data. In this section, we will differentiate theoretical framework to conceptual framework.
theory
One thing that sets social and scientific research apart from other types is that it relies heavily on the use of theory.
formulation the theoretical and conceptual framework
acts a lens to guide the researchers in identifying the variables and the relationships they have. Theories formulated can be found in this section
explains the theories in such a way that it will be more understandable on the part of the reader and it lets them know the and understand evidenced-based facts
theoretical framework
Also, this part links the theory, the ——– definitions, terms adopted in the study, and the relevant literature the researcher has gathered
enables the readers of the research to see the basic form of the study. It differs slightly to theoretical framework because it solely relies on a single theory. It is commonly used when there is no theory that fits or sufficiently explains the matter being studied.
——-are often made by the researcher or is adopted by the researcher from other studies. It can be developed by knowing the key concepts and try to logically explain an occurrence or phenomena
conceptual framework
ways of presenting a theoretical of conceptual framework
diagram
narrrative
set of prroposition
provide visuals, which show interconnections and relationships between variables and the different elements of a study. If the study deals with causal relationships and models involving several variables. It helps the readers see a clear picture of how these relationships intertwine.
nakadrawng
diagram
type of writing a conceptual or theoretical framework, usually the researcher summarizes the assumptions of a study, which is anchored in a theory, or sets of theory. This type of writing is used when there is a direct relationship between variables
naka paragraph
narative
In this type of research framework, researchers present their framework via interconnected hypotheses.
nakanumber
set of proposition
a logical supposition, a reasonable guess and an educated conjecture that provides a tentative explanation to formulated questions (Leedy and Omrod, 2014).
It is used to define the relationship of a variable to another variable.
A formalized hypothesis forces the researcher to think about what results s/he should seek in a study. Formulating a hypothesis is not unique only in research. The human brain kicks in and instinctively comes up with explanations to everyday occurrences.
hypothesis
Is symbolized by H0 (zero).
It states the relationship between the variables.
It somewhat disproves that the independent variable has a direct reaction or effect to the dependent variable.
null hypo
2 hypothesis
null alter
The alternative hypothesis is denoted by HA or H1.
Is employed to challenge the null hypothesis by giving statements, which claim that the independent variable does effect the dependent variable.
The null hypothesis is often tested first.
Testing both should be empirical meaning it should be measurable to gauge if there is really an effect or reaction between variables.
alter hypo
are essential in formulating hypotheses. These —– give weight to the questions hence a researcher can formulate a logical hypothesis
variables
characteristic of a well formulated hypothesis
empirical plausible specific consistent testable
It should be —-in statement. It should be observable by the five (5) senses.
empirical
It should be—– meaning it should be based on sound logic and reasonable.
plausible,
It should be ——-in identifying the variables clearly.
specific
It should be with how it should be tested. If a certain test is ascertained by the researcher, s/he should stick to it and record the results
consistent
A good, well-formulated hypothesis is ——– Data needed for testing if the hypothesis is true or not should exist and be obtainable (Clamor-Tornero & Torneo, 2017).
testable.
Hypotheses should be written in
declarative sentences
a notorious Muslim extremist who successfully, along with his cohorts, destroyed the World Trade Center also known as the Twin Towers in New York on September 11, 2001. After years of wild goose chase, he was successfully eliminated
osama bin laden
the US. Military intelligence gathered as much information as possible. U.S. Intelligence personnel scattered around the globe carried out research. They observed how Bin Laden’s cohorts moved and lived their lives day in and day out. They mingled with people close to him until they have traced Bin Laden’s whereabouts – a small compound in a Pakistani town of Abbottabad
years of research
The U.S. government with its U.S. intelligence personnel in place continued to observe the compound. They used drones to take pictures high above the atmosphere. It took them more months of careful observation to confirm if the notorious terrorist is indeed inside the compound. When they confirmed that it is him, the next phase was then initiated.
patience
The U.S. government then planned a number of options how to eliminate the terrorist. First was an airstrike. However, the U.S. president did not want that since bombing a small compound in a foreign land could strain the United States’ diplomatic ties with Pakistan and the president did not want innocent blood in his hands. The president opted to use a team of Special Forces to neutralize Bin Laden. It will be quick and silent but it will be very dangerous. The U.S. Navy’s SEAL Team 6 was activated for the job.
weighing of options
The SEAL team began training and memorizing their method of infiltration, attack, and extraction from the compound. They needed to be surgically accurate to minimize innocent casualties. They memorized the interiors of the compound based in intelligence reports.
testing
The team was sent to the compound under the cover of darkness. It only took 40 minutes to neutralize the terrorist and to gather all his valuables for intelligence purposes. The Seal Team 6 also made sure to get a DNA sample to confirm and reinforce that the neutralized body was indeed Osama Bin Laden. (Bowden, 2012
putting it all to practice
In quantitative research, designing a plan is
imperative
types of research design
experimental
non-experinmental
Bases its research method on a scientific activity called experiment. In this type of design, a variable or group variables are manipulated or controlled to know if a formulated hypothesis is valid or displays truthfulness. It is composed of an experimental group on which manipulation, treatment, or alterations are applied and the control group which is not given any treatment
experimental
EXPERIMENTAL In this design, the researcher conducts two (2) kinds of TESTS: a - for both groups and a —– for the experimental group to learn the difference between them based on the effect of the treatment or condition given to the experimental group.
pre-test post-test
2 TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL research
true & quasi
experimenal design
Uses random selection of participants. It is free from bias and ensures objectivity of results. It is the best design to use when examining causal relationships.
true experimental design
The term quasi means pseudo, partly, or almost. This design is prone to bias since the researcher purposely selects the participants. It is incapable of determining cause and relationships.
2quasi experimental design
This type of design is capable of providing qualitative and quantitative data but more on qualitative data. It is often used in the field of social sciences. Non-experimental designs do away with manipulating variables. Instead, it relies on how these variables naturally exist in their environment and how they interact with one another sans alterations, conditions, manipulations, or changes.
non-experimental
According to Baraceros (2017), there are five (5) types of non-experimental research:
decriptive
comparative
correlation
survey
ex post facto
shows an image or picture of an individual or group.
dscriptive
tells the differences or similarities among individuals, groups, occurrences, and others
comparative
shows the extent of relationship of people, occurrences, places, and others whether if it is negative of positive.
correlation
describes the behavior, preferences, opinions, views, stand, or attitudes of a huge amount of people.
survey
Derives data from stuff that normally occurs as is. No alterations whatsoever are done to not influence the reactions of variables. This is done to explain about past events. It means “that which is done afterwards” in English.
ex post facto
Research Design Stages Different research design stages follow the same steps
- The researcher must have a clear knowledge of the objectives of the research. This enables the researcher to choose not only on the type of research s/he has to do, but also the manner the researcher needs to follow in doing the study.
- Formulate the hypothesis to state guesses of what may not be true or what may be factual.
- Determine the method of testing the hypothesis.
- Choose which instrument to use in collecting the data whether interview, observation, or questionnaire.
- Process the selecting of subjects and participants.
- Perform the experiment
- Collect and analyze the data.
