PPT - Van Wijk

Question 1

Considerations management

Answer 1

• What is the goal?
• How much change is acceptable?
• Legislation
• How to make it SMART?
• Judgements (value judgements, technical judgements, etc.).
• Tools of the habitat management is not the goal.
• Materials, costs, cost effectiveness.
• Species and ecology.
• Involved people.

Question 2

PLC steps

Answer 2

1. What is the present situation?
2. What is the desired future situation?
3. Determine and execute management measures to get to the desired situation.
4. Methods of monitoring and measuring developments.
5. Evaluation and adjustment of management measures, back to 1.

Question 3

Traditional land use habitats

Answer 3

• Pastoralism = a system where you have a shepherd and cattle/ sheep for grazing in a controlled way
• Transhumance systems = large-scale pastoralism.
• Extensive farming systems.

Question 4

Low density human population

Answer 4

• Sustainable co-existence
• Utilitarian attitude towards nature
• Uniform vision on nature.
• Social control
• No large scale power
• No large scale impacts
• Nature can recover

Question 5

High density human population

Answer 5

• A lot of discussion about nature
• Different visions on nature
• Social control reduced
• Large scale (economic) power
• Large scale impacts
• Not sustainable
• Nature cannot recover.

Question 6

Wildlife management

Answer 6

1. Keep nature as it is
2. Increase numbers of an endangered population (instrinsic value, nature purpose, hunting)
3. Pest control

Question 7

Nt +1 = N + b - d + i - e

Answer 7

N = Population size
B = Births
D = Deaths
i = immigration
e = emigration

Question 8

Foraging strategies

Answer 8

• Browsers
• Grazers
• Selective feeders

Question 9

Millennium ecosystem assessment

Answer 9

Designed to meet needs of decision- makers among government, business, civil society. Investigates the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and the options ot restore, conserve or enhance the sustainable use of ecosystems.

Question 10

Criteria for successfull assessment

Answer 10

• Political legitimacy
• Scientific credibility
• Focus on user needs

Question 11

Ecosystem services

Answer 11

• Provisioning services (food, wood, clean water)
• Regulating services (regulating climate, diseases, nature disasters, pollination)
• Cultural services (tourism, religion, education)

Question 12

Ecosystems translated to the constituents of well-being:

Answer 12

• Security (personal safety, secure resource access, security from disasters)
• Basic material for good life (adequate livelihoods, sufficient food, shelter, access to goods)
• Health (strength, feeling well, access to clean air and water)
• Good social relations (social cohesion, mutual respect, ability to help others)

Question 13

Indirect drivers

Answer 13

• Demographic
• Economic
• Sociopolitical
• Science and technology
• Cultural and religious

Question 14

Direct drivers

Answer 14

• Changes in land use
• Species introduction or removal
• Technology adaptation and use
• External inputs
• Resource consumption
• Climate change
• Natural physical and biological drivers

Question 15

Human well-being

Answer 15

• Basic material for good life
• Health
• Good social relations
• Security
• Freedom of choice and action

Question 16

Western view on ecosystems

Answer 16

• Materialistic view
• Human use centered
• We can manage ecosystems

Question 17

Natural capital assets

Answer 17

• Species
• Ecological communities
• Soils
• Freshwater
• Land
• Minerals
• Atmosphere
• Sub-soil assets
• Oceans
• Coasts

Question 18

Natural capital benefits

Answer 18

• Food
• Fiber
• Freshwater
• Recreation
• Clean air
• Wildlife
• Hazard protection
• Equable climate
• Health

Question 19

Options for investing in natural capital

Answer 19

• Woodland planting
• Upland peatland restoration
• Wetland creation
• Protecting and expanding areas of intertidal habitats
• Improving fisheries management

Question 20

Agriculture

Answer 20

The systematic use of sunlight and other resources such as water and nutrients for and by people, for animal and vegetable food products, fiber such as wool, for beverages, raw meterial for pharmaceutical products and building and packing materials. Agricultural is artificial by default; people interfere in the existing ecosytem, leadin to genetic drift and domestication of plants and animals.

Question 21

Sustainability requires

Answer 21

• Closed cycled minerals
• Low energy input, high energy output
• Efficient land use and resource use
• Socially responsible
• Valuation of natural resources
• Low global footprint for agriculture
• Short transport lines
• Transport what makes sense.
• Low pollution charges
• Low waste

Question 22

Liberation

Answer 22

The possibility and the need to free oneself from subjagating powers in the environment

Question 23

Anthropogenic vision

Answer 23

The control of the environment ‘progress’ ‘liberation’ reductionism, fragmented approach and not unlimited.

Question 24

Reasons why glyphosate is bad

Answer 24

• Not biodegradable
• Residue found in 45% of Europe’s topsoil
• Residue found in 75% of Germans tested
• Residue found in human food

Question 25

Wheat in the Netherlands

Answer 25

• Increasingly infections fungus in present day cultivars
• Need to devolop new biological wheat cultivars
• Requires 50.000 ha to be commercially available
• Only 2000 ha of biological wheat in the Netherlands

Question 26

Ecosystem services

Answer 26

The direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human wellbeing

Question 27

Biofuel pro’s

Answer 27

+ No fossil fuels used
+ Green washing
+ Burn air dried wood > 94% efficiency wood gasifier: Much better

Question 28

Biofuel con’s

Answer 28

• Competition food production
• Destroys biodiversity when growing crop or cutting natural forests
• Only economically sustainable with subsidies
• Low efficiency