PPT Notes, Test 3 Flashcards
analytic language
how do they make meaning
they depend on word order for meaning
synthetic language
how do they make meaning
they depend on word endings to mark the function of the word
Is English synthetic or analytic?
It is more on the analytical end of the continuum
open class words
words which can have new words added easily
nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs
closed class words
class that does not add new words easily provides structure most commonly used words in English
morpheme
the smallest part of a word that can stand on its own without being broken down further
allomorphs
define and examples
morphemes that have 2 or more phonological realizations or forms
examples:
- en, -ed same perfect aspect, different spellings
- walked /t/, snored/d/, skated/Id/,sang, all past tense, different forms
- symphony, synchrony, symptom, synonym
free morphemes
stand on their own
bound morpheme
require something else to exist
inflectional morpheme
do not change meaning
do not change part of speech (lexical category)
suffixes only
derivational
changes meaning
changes part of speech (lexical category)
prefixes or suffixes
affix
define, types
a morpheme attached to the base part of word
prefix, suffix, infix
lexeme
base form of a word that exist no matter how many inflectional endings are added to them
word formation term definition:
compound
two words that are put together, or remain separated, but represent one idea
word formation term definition:
prefixing
adding a prefix to a word
word formation term definition:
suffixing
adding a suffix to a word
word formation term definition:
alphabetism/initialism
unpronounceable initial letter formations:
URL, NAACP, IBM
word formation term definition:
acronym
pronounceable initial letter formations:
NASA, RAM, SCUBA
word formation term definition:
clipping
words shortened by fore or hind clipping:
phone, fries, exam, burger
word formation term definition:
blending
combination of two or more words, at least one is clipped:
netiquette, sitcom, motel, smog
word formation term definition:
(functional) )shifting
when a word shifts to another lexical category:
email noun>verb
friend noun>verb
word formation term definition:
reanalysis (eggcorn),
phonetic reinterpretations of words (mishearing)
word formation term definition:
backformation
removing an affix from a word to form a word that never existed before:
editor > edit
bulldozer > bulldoze
word formation term definition:
reduplication
repeating:
bang-bang, cray-cray, yada yada yada
word formation term definition:
loan word
unchanged borrowing from another language:
Je ne sais quoi
a la mode
word formation term definition:
calque
a word for word translation from another language:
dutch: aardvarken > earth pig > groundhog
word formation term definition:
trade names
words from product name or name of the creator:
Kleenex, guillotine, sandwich, Kelvin, Yo-Yo, escalator
define syntax
the study of grammatical relations between words and other units within the sentence
gerund
verb serving as a noun (-ing)
count noun
uses “fewer”
cow, book, table, hat
mass noun
uses “less”
water, rice, homework
two positions of adjectives
predicative and attributive
predicative adjective
where positioned?
after the verb, can describe subject or object
after linking verbs, describe the subject
attributive adjective
where positioned?
before the noun, describes noun
auxiliary verb used for perfect tense-aspect forms
have:
have, had
auxiliary verb used for progressive tense-aspect forms
be:
am, is, are, was, were, be, been
how to form passive voice
be verb + perfect aspect + action of verb done to the subject
in other words:
D.O. moves to the subject position:
I broke the record. > The record was broken.
ablaut
internal change in word to inflect for past tense:
sing > sang
stand > stood
suppletion
a change in a verb to a reflex of a different Old English verb:
go > went
intransitive verb
verb appearing with no object:
We sleep. nothing go “sleeped”
James went to the cafe. nothing got “wented”
Julie sits on the front porch after 6pm. nothing got “sat”
transitive verb
verbs appearing with a direct object:
We made cookies.
ditransitive verb
verbs appearing with both an indirect object and a direct object:
We gave Sue the cookies.
linking verb
verb that connects a subject-predicative to a subject, gives more information about subject, not action, like an equals sign (=), are split by the verb:
We are nice.
Kayla is a shopaholic.
object-predicative verb
verb that connects an object predicative to an object, both are after the verb:
Sue called us nice.
We called our friend crazy.
name the five main verb categories
intransitive transitive ditransitive linking object-predicative
adverbs modify/adjust for
time - tomorrow, today, sometimes place - everywhere, nearby, anywhere manner - angrily, easily, sadly frequency - always, rarely, seldom TPMF
list all coordinating conjunctions
FANBOYS
for, and nor, but, or, yet, so
connects equal units together
correlative conjuctions
used in pairs:
either/or
neither/nor
not only/but so
subordinating conjuctions
like:
because, although, when, after, before
connects units in an unequal manner
5 types of pronouns
personal indefinite interrogative demonstrative relative
personal pronouns: define person, number, case
persons: first, second, third
number: singular, plural
case: subject, object, possesive
indefinite pronoun
stand in for unknown or unspecified element in a clause:
anyone, one, something, neither, both, some, whatever
Everyone is coming over for dinner.
Nobody knows the trouble I see.
interrogative pronoun
who/whom/whose, what, which:
Who is coming to dinner?
demonstrative pronoun
point to things either previously mentioned or in the physical environment:
this, that, these, those
relative pronoun
act as the subject or object of a dependent/subordinate clause to link the clause to a preceding noun phrase:
who/whom/whose, that, which
The bike THAT I am riding is janky.
People WHO have tempers are unpredictable.
