PPT Notes, Test 2 Flashcards
phoneme
the underlying sound itself /t/. the mental construct of the sound. Your mind will accept a wide set of inputs (allophones) as acceptable
phone
the production of the sound [t] phone=sound
allophone
variations of a phoneme. the possible production of a phoneme [t(h)], these are in complementary distribution(mutually exclusive, never overlap), they do not change the meaning of the word
phonology
the branch of linguistics that studies the sound system of language. (phonemes=mental construct)
phonetics
This is the branch of linguistics that studies the production, transmittal, and perception of speech sounds. (phones=physical sound)
Saussurean sign
Object/Thought/Concept is the thing signified
Word/Sound/Inscription is the signifier
idea of a tree vs. the inscription ‘tree’
minimal pair
one phonetic shift in a ‘word’ that keeps the same number of phonemes, yet this one shift causes the meaning of the word to change.
/pIt/ (pit) vs. /bIt/ (bit)
so /p/ and /b/ are separate phonemes in English
complementary distribution
means that allophones never overlap
contrastive distribution
Phonemes are in contrastive distribution. Where you find one, you will not find the other. Changing one will change the meaning of the word.
contrastive features in English consonants
voiced/voiceless
place of articulation
manner of articulation
obstruent/sonorant
contrastive features in English vowels
height
backness
tense/lax
rounded/unrounded
natural class
all and only those phonemes defined by a particular group of features
ex
/p,t,k/ = voiceless stops
/e, 3/ = mid front vowels
define the natural classes: /k, g/ /j, w/ /b, d, g/ /m, w/
/k, g/ = velar stops
/j, w/ = glides
/b, d, g/ = voiced stops
/m, w/ = bilabial
when are voiceless stops aspirated?
when they appear at the very beginning of a syllable ex Pot Pepper vs step
assimilation
when a phoneme adopts characteristics of a neighboring phoneme in a word