PPT Notes, Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

phoneme

A

the underlying sound itself /t/. the mental construct of the sound. Your mind will accept a wide set of inputs (allophones) as acceptable

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2
Q

phone

A

the production of the sound [t] phone=sound

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3
Q

allophone

A

variations of a phoneme. the possible production of a phoneme [t(h)], these are in complementary distribution(mutually exclusive, never overlap), they do not change the meaning of the word

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4
Q

phonology

A

the branch of linguistics that studies the sound system of language. (phonemes=mental construct)

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5
Q

phonetics

A

This is the branch of linguistics that studies the production, transmittal, and perception of speech sounds. (phones=physical sound)

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6
Q

Saussurean sign

A

Object/Thought/Concept is the thing signified
Word/Sound/Inscription is the signifier
idea of a tree vs. the inscription ‘tree’

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7
Q

minimal pair

A

one phonetic shift in a ‘word’ that keeps the same number of phonemes, yet this one shift causes the meaning of the word to change.
/pIt/ (pit) vs. /bIt/ (bit)
so /p/ and /b/ are separate phonemes in English

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8
Q

complementary distribution

A

means that allophones never overlap

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9
Q

contrastive distribution

A

Phonemes are in contrastive distribution. Where you find one, you will not find the other. Changing one will change the meaning of the word.

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10
Q

contrastive features in English consonants

A

voiced/voiceless
place of articulation
manner of articulation
obstruent/sonorant

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11
Q

contrastive features in English vowels

A

height
backness
tense/lax
rounded/unrounded

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12
Q

natural class

A

all and only those phonemes defined by a particular group of features
ex
/p,t,k/ = voiceless stops
/e, 3/ = mid front vowels

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13
Q
define the natural classes:
/k, g/
/j, w/
/b, d, g/
/m, w/
A

/k, g/ = velar stops
/j, w/ = glides
/b, d, g/ = voiced stops
/m, w/ = bilabial

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14
Q

when are voiceless stops aspirated?

A
when they appear at the very beginning of a syllable
ex
Pot
Pepper
vs
step
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15
Q

assimilation

A

when a phoneme adopts characteristics of a neighboring phoneme in a word

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16
Q

/r/ -less pronunciation, where found

A

Boston

17
Q

some syntactical differences in AAVE and southern speak

A

[d] for /ð/: dis and dat for this and that
multiple negation: I ain’t never flown before.
habitual “be”: He be home.
double negatives: I don’t have nothing to say
their for genderless, singular, possessive pronoun:
The student took their exam. (when we don’t know the gender)
perfective ‘done’: She done vacuumed the house.
multiple: modals: We might can help you move.
who/whom: he/him, subject object issue.

18
Q

different Englishes

A

home
work
formal
educational

19
Q

define language

A

A system of spoken and/or written communication that a significant group of people use for communication. This usually consists of ‘rules’ (grammar) that people follow to effectively generate communication.

20
Q

define dialect

A

A way of using a language. This is often bound by region or group.

21
Q

define idiolect

A

The peculiar way of speaking unique to each person.

22
Q

dialect or language? China; US and Scotland

A

cultural and political issues

23
Q

linguistic hegemony

A

influence, control, culturally, politically over the language - the ones in power are looked up to, emulated - if you desire to have influence, to be accepted, you must speak as they speak - a privileged dialect will seek to maintain its authority

24
Q

given the stigmas attached to nonstandard varieties, why don’t they disappear?

A

because people want to maintain there identity, or want to maintain there cultural capital in their own group

25
Q

overt prestige

A

A dialect variation that speakers aspire to when they want a higher social standing. This is the supposed ‘valuable’ version.

26
Q

covert prestige

A

A dialect variation that has value in a local context, i.e. – Cherokee for Amanda Swimmer (the woman from the dialect video).

27
Q

change from above

A

consciously adding/adjusting language to the circumstance due to added social prestige.

28
Q

change from below

A

change that happens without the speaker being conscious of the shift. For example, the vowel shift taking place in the North.

29
Q

what is social network ‘density’

A

how many people a person knows, and how many people that the person knows that know each other

30
Q

what is social network ‘multiplexity’

A

the different capacities that a speaker knows the other speakers - ex. do they know you as a father, web designer, student, musician, athlete, etc.

31
Q

define isogloss

A

lines that separate areas that use one lexical item, grammatical construction, or pronunciation from another

32
Q

define dialect boundary

A

lines in the geography where many isoglosses coincide

33
Q

why do sociolinguists study isoglosses and dialect boundaries?

A

to study the systematic variation of language by region

34
Q

variationist sociolinguistics

A

the study of language regional variation further subdivided by demographic factors (race, age, etc.)

35
Q

summarize Labov’s research

A

s.klein, fourth floor

36
Q

define linguistic equality, and why controversial?

A

the idea that all dialects are equally complex and capable of communication - controversial because people perceive certain dialects as inferior and corrupting of the ‘standard’ English