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Biochem Lec FINALS > Ppt Lipids > Flashcards

Ppt Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

______ are biological molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents

A

Lipid

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2
Q

Lipids are ______ in water but ____ in nonpolar solvents

A

Insoluble, soluble

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3
Q

Lipid known as _____ provide a ____ way of storing chemical energy and carbon atoms in the body

A

Fats, major

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4
Q

Lipids store _____ and ______

A

Chemical energy, carbon atoms

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5
Q

Lipids ______ water, a useful characteristic of protective wax coating found on some plants

A

Repel

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6
Q

____ and _____are energy rich and have relatively low densities

A

Fats, oils

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7
Q

What are the basic components of cell membranes

A

*Phospholipids
*Glycolipids
*Cholesterol

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8
Q

What makes the lipids unique organic molecules?

A

Their identity is defined on the basis of a physical property and not by the presence of particular functional group

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9
Q

Lipids are unique among organic molecules because their identity is defined on the basis of a ______ and not by the presence of a particular ______

A

Physical property, functional group

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10
Q

Lipids are group into main classes; it can be _____ and ______

A

Saponifiable lipids, non saponifiable lipids

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11
Q

These are lipids that can undergoes saponification

A

Saponifiable lipids

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12
Q

A process of hydrolysis under basic (alkaline) condition

A

Saponification

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13
Q

Saponification reaction produces _____ and _____ when fats are broken down by an alkali

A

Soap and glycerol

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14
Q

What are the two components of lipids depends on the structure

A

Simple and complex lipid

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15
Q

____ lipid contain just two types of components (fatty acid and an alcohol)

A

Simple

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16
Q

What is the components of simple lipids

A

Fatty acid and alcohol

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17
Q

_______ lipid contain more than two components (fatty acid and alcohol plus other components)

A

Complex

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18
Q

What are the components of complex lipid

A

Fatty acid alcohol plus other components

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19
Q

What is under the simple lipids

A

Waxes and triglycerides (fats and oils)

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20
Q

Esters of long chain fatty acid with long chain alcohols. They provide a waterproof barriers and plants and animals

A

Waxes

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21
Q

Esters formed from glycerol and three fatty acid. They are the main form of stored energy in the body.

A

Triglycerides (Fats and Oils)

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22
Q

What is under the complex lipids

A

Phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids

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23
Q

Composed of glycerol fatty acids a phosphate group and sometimes an additional alcohol. These are critical components of cell membranes

A

Phosphoglycerides (phospholipids)

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24
Q

Contain a sphingosin backbone instead of glycerol and are commonly found in the nervous system

A

Sphingolipids

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25
Q

These are not esters and cannot be hydrolyzed.

A

Non saponifiable lipids

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26
Q

What are belong in the non-saponifiable lipids

A

Steroids and prostaglandins

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27
Q

These lipids do not undergo saponification and cannot be broken down by basic hydrolysis because they lack ester bonds

A

Nonsaponifiable lipids

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28
Q

Characterized by a structure of four fused carbon rings. They include cholesterol a key components of the cell membranes and steroid hormones.

A

Steroids

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29
Q

These are derived from fatty acid and base significant roles and inflammation, blood flow and other physiological process

A

Prostaglandins

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30
Q

____is a building blocks of lipid

A

Fatty acid

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31
Q

Fatty acid have long chain _____ acids. Long _____ tails that are responsible for most of the fatty or oily characteristics of fat

A

Carboxylic, nonpolar

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32
Q

______ group, or the polar head is very hydrophilic under conditions of physiological pH

A

Carboxyl

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33
Q

Are spherical cluster of molecules

A

Micelles

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34
Q

Micelles are _______ on the surface, ______portions are on the interior

A

Polar, nonpolar

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35
Q

Micelle formation and structure are important for biological function such as

A

Transport of insoluble lipids in blood

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36
Q

What are the characteristic of fatty acid in natural lipids

A
  1. Straight chain carboxylic acid (no branching)
  2. Sizes range from 10 to 20 carbons
  3. Have an even number of carbon atoms
  4. Can be saturated and unsaturated
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37
Q

Contain no double bonds, single bonded and solid in room temperature

A

Saturated fatty acid

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38
Q

Contain one or more double bonds, liquid at room temperature and usually in the cis configuration

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

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39
Q

What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acid

A

Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

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40
Q

What is the two configuration in the unsaturated fatty acid

A

Cis and Trans

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41
Q

Creates a long kinks or bend in the fatty acid chain which prevents the chain from packing closely together

A

Cis Configuration

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42
Q

A straight fatty acid chain which allows molecules from packing closely together

A

Trans configuration

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43
Q

Melting point _____as the number of carbon double bond _____

A

Decreases, increase

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44
Q

Not synthesized within the body and are obtained through diet

A

Essential fatty acid

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45
Q

What are the two types of essential fatty acid

A

Linoleic (omega-6 fatty acid)
Linolenic (omega-3 fatty acid)

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46
Q

Essential fatty acid are used to produce hormone like substances that regulates;

A
  1. Blood pressure
  2. Blood clotting
  3. Blood lipid levels
  4. Immune and inflammation responses
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47
Q

The alcohol portion is derived from glycerol and fatty acid

A

Fats and oils

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48
Q

Has three -OH groups, allowing it to attach the three fatty acids

A

Glycerol

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49
Q

When glycerol attached to the three fatty acid what is formed

A

Triglyceride

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50
Q

The main structure of fats and oils

A

Triglycerides

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51
Q

Esters can contain an ______ portion and ______ portion

A

Alcohol, acid

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52
Q

______ portion, which is derived from the glycerol

A

Alcohol

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53
Q

______ portion, which is furnished by fatty acid

A

Acid

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54
Q

Formation of triglycerides or triacylglycerols

A

Esterification

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55
Q

Animal fats contain primarily triglycerides of long chain saturated fatty acids which is ____ melting point

A

Higher

56
Q

Vegetable oil such as corn oil and sunflower oil consists of triglycerides containing unsaturated fatty acids which is ____ melting point

A

Lower

57
Q

______ are from _______ sources,______ at room temperature and composed of ______ oblong train saturated fatty acid

A

Fats, animal, solid, triglycerides

58
Q

_____ from _____ amd _____, are ____at room temperature.

A

Oils, plants, fish, liquid

59
Q

The reverse of esterification and a key process for the adjusting fats and oils

A

Hydrolysis

60
Q

Hydrolysis is important for the digestions of ______ and ______

A

Oils and fats

61
Q

Hydrolysis results in a formation of ______ and _______

A

Glycerol and fatty acid

62
Q

Hydrolysis can be catalyzed by _______ of the digestive system

A

Enzymes ( lipases)

63
Q

A process of reacting triglycerides with a strong base to produce glycerol and soap

A

Saponification

64
Q

Saponification produce _____ and _____

A

Glycerol and soap

65
Q

What is the property of sodium salt that are found in cake soap

A

Hard salts

66
Q

What is the properties of potassium salts that are found in shaving cream and liquid soap preparations

A

Soft soaps

67
Q

What is used in making soap

A
  1. Animal fat as the source of triglycerides
  2. Used lye (cruse NaOH) or an aqueous extract of wood ash as the source of the base
68
Q

A reaction by which fatty acid double bonds are converted to single bonds

A

Hydrogenation

69
Q

Hydrogenation _______the degree of unsaturation, and _______ the melting point

A

Decreases, increases

70
Q

Complete hydrogenation result in a ______ and _____ product. While partial hydrogenation results in a ________.

A

Hard, waxy, smooth creamy product

71
Q

Esther of long chain fatty acid and long chain alcohol

A

Waxes

72
Q

Waxes are esters of long chain ______ and long chain ______

A

Fatty acid, alcohol

73
Q

Waxes are water ______ and not easily ________

A

Insoluble, hydrolyzed

74
Q

_______ occur as protective coating in nature on ______,______,_____,_____.

A

Waxes, skin, fruit, leaves, fur

75
Q

Waxes are used commercially to make ______, ______, _______

A
  1. Cosmetic candles
  2. Ointments
  3. Protective polishes
76
Q

They are the type of complex lipid of which its composition affects the membrane structure and properties.

A

Phosphoglycerides

77
Q

They allow transport of enzymes and is a major component of membranes

A

Phosphoglycerides

78
Q

Phosphoglyceride is a complex lipid containing ______, _______, _______, ______

A
  1. Glycerol
  2. Fatty acids
  3. Phosphoric acid
  4. Amino alcohol
79
Q

A phosphoglycerides containing choline

A

Lecithin

80
Q

A phosphoglyceride containing ethanolamine or serine

A

Cephalin

81
Q

Is a compound containing four rings fused in a particular pattern

A

Steroids

82
Q

Steroid has a basic structure set of three _______ and a single ________ ring fused together

A

Six membered rings, five membered rings

83
Q

Steroids are _____ in nonpolar solvents.

A

Soluble

84
Q

Steroids function as structural components of ______, _______, _______.

A
  1. Cellular membranes
  2. Energy reservoir
  3. Signaling molecules
85
Q

Is an abundant and important steroid in the human body. It also the precursor to other significant steroids including vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone, cortisol and bile salts

A

Cholesterol

86
Q

Cholesterol is the precursor to other significant steroids including;

A
  1. Vitamin D
  2. Testosterone
  3. Estrogen
  4. Aldosterone
  5. Cortisol
  6. Bile salts
87
Q

Is a yellow brown or green liver secretion stored and concentrated in the gallbladder.

A

Bile

88
Q

Bile salts are water ______, _____ and metabolites of cholesterol that facilitate intestinal absorption of lipids.

A

Soluble, ampiphatic

89
Q

Is a principal bile salts

A

Sodium glycocholate

90
Q

What are the waste components of bile salts

A
  1. Cholesterol
  2. Bile pigments
91
Q

What are the functions of bile salts

A
  1. Emulsification of lipids and breaking larger globules into smaller droplets
  2. Emulsification of cholesterol found in bile
92
Q

High cholesterol levels or low bile salt concentration can lead to formation of ______.

A

Gallstones

93
Q

A hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in your gallbladder

A

Gallstones

94
Q

Passage of a gallstone from the ______ down to the common _____ to the _______ causes excruciating _______.

A

Gallbladder-bile duct-intestine-pain

95
Q

Results of gallstones;

A
  1. Pain
  2. Nausea and feeling ill
  3. Yellowish skin due to the bile pigment being absorbed in the blood
  4. Stool becoming gray color to lack of execrated bile pigments
96
Q

______ color of the skin is due to the ______ being absorbed in the blood.

A

Yellowish, bile pigment

97
Q

_____ becoming ______ due to the ____ of execrated bile pigments

A

Stool, gray color, lack

98
Q

Are large class of lipophilic small molecules that are synthesized in steroidogenic tissues and act on target sites to regulate a myriad of physiological functions.

A

Steroid hormones

99
Q

What are the two hormones

A

Adrenocorticoid hormones
Sex hormones

100
Q

Are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticoid

101
Q

What are the classification of adrenocortoid hormones based on their function

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids

102
Q

A type of adrenocortoid hormones that regulates the concentration of ions in bodily fluids

A

Mineralocorticoids

103
Q

A type of adrenocorticoid hormones that enhances carbohydrates metabolism

A

Glucocorticoids

104
Q

What do you call the testes and ovaries, that is important in reproductive processes

A

Sex hormones

105
Q

Sex hormones helps to develop secondary sex characteristics that appears during ______

A

Puberty

106
Q

_____Are male sex hormones produced by testes. It includes _____ which promotes normal growth of male genital organs

A

Androgens, testosterone

107
Q

A growth promoting steroid as it includes the testerone. It is used by the athletes to promote muscular development without excessive musculinization.

A

Anabolic steroids

108
Q

Anabolic steroids can affect the male reproductive system and can cause:

A
  1. Testicular atrophy
  2. Decrease in sperm count
  3. Temporary infertility
109
Q

Involved in the development of the ovum as it includes estradiol and estrum

A

Estrogen

110
Q

_______ causes changes in the uterine wall to prepare and accept a ______ and maintain the resulting _______.

A

Progesterone, fertilized egg, pregnancy

111
Q

Our second type of complex lipid found in cell membranes that is essential for cell structure and function

A

Sphingolipids

112
Q

Sphingolipids do not contain _____, instead they contain _______, a long chain and saturated amino alcohol.

A

Glycerol, sphingosine

113
Q

What is the common type of sphingolipid

A

Sphingomyelin

114
Q

What are the two cell types

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

115
Q

What are the two membranes

A

External and internal membranes

116
Q

A membrane that acts as a selective barrier between the cell and its environment

A

External membrane

117
Q

A membrane that surrounds organelles creating compartments with distinct functions

A

Internal membranes

118
Q

Most cell membranes contain about ____ lipid and ____protein

A

60%, 40%

119
Q

What are the predominant types of lipids that found in most membranes

A
  1. Phosphoglycerides (lecithin and cephalin)
  2. Sphingomyelin
  3. Cholesterol
120
Q

A model of membrane structure in which proteins are embedded in a flexible lipid bilayer

A

Fluid mosaic model

121
Q

These are single celled organism that lack a nucleus

A

Bacteria

122
Q

All ______ have a nucleus containing _____ and other membrane bound organelles. They are also able to move using different types of ______.

A

Protist, DNA, appendages

123
Q

What is the disease that caused by protist

A

1.Malaria
2. Potato late blight

124
Q

Transmitted by female mosquitoes carrying species of plasmodium a single celled parasites

A

Malaria

125
Q

It is caused by an oomycete, phytophtora infestans, which causes potato stocks and stems to decay into black slime

A

Potato late blight

126
Q

An organism that causes disease to its host

A

Pathogen

127
Q

Are cyclic compounds synthesized in the body from the 20 carbon unsaturated fatty acids arachidonic acid

A

Prostaglandins

128
Q

Prostaglandins have ____ carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains. An ______ on carbon 11 and 15. And a _____ at carbon 13.

A

20, OH, trans double bond

129
Q

Prostaglandins are similar to _____ since they are intimately involved in a host of body process

A

Hormones

130
Q

Prostaglandins are involved in

A
  1. Regulation of menstruation
  2. Prevention of conception
  3. Induction of uterine contraction
  4. Stimulate blood clotting
  5. Late to information and fever, inhibited by aspirin
131
Q

What are the therapeutic potential of prostaglandins?

A
  1. Labor induction
  2. Therapeutic abortion
  3. Asthma treatment
  4. Peptic ulcer treatment
132
Q

Prostaglandins like PGE2 and PGF2 are used to induce labor

A

Labor induction

133
Q

Prostaglandins are used to terminate early pregnancies

A

Therapeutic abortion

134
Q

PGE2 in aerosol form can relax bronchial muscles, easing breathing difficulties

A

Asthma treatment

135
Q

Certain prostaglandins can inhibit gastric acid secretion

A

Peptic ulcer treatment

Biochem Lec FINALS (7 decks)

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