Ppt Lipids Flashcards
______ are biological molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents
Lipid
Lipids are ______ in water but ____ in nonpolar solvents
Insoluble, soluble
Lipid known as _____ provide a ____ way of storing chemical energy and carbon atoms in the body
Fats, major
Lipids store _____ and ______
Chemical energy, carbon atoms
Lipids ______ water, a useful characteristic of protective wax coating found on some plants
Repel
____ and _____are energy rich and have relatively low densities
Fats, oils
What are the basic components of cell membranes
*Phospholipids
*Glycolipids
*Cholesterol
What makes the lipids unique organic molecules?
Their identity is defined on the basis of a physical property and not by the presence of particular functional group
Lipids are unique among organic molecules because their identity is defined on the basis of a ______ and not by the presence of a particular ______
Physical property, functional group
Lipids are group into main classes; it can be _____ and ______
Saponifiable lipids, non saponifiable lipids
These are lipids that can undergoes saponification
Saponifiable lipids
A process of hydrolysis under basic (alkaline) condition
Saponification
Saponification reaction produces _____ and _____ when fats are broken down by an alkali
Soap and glycerol
What are the two components of lipids depends on the structure
Simple and complex lipid
____ lipid contain just two types of components (fatty acid and an alcohol)
Simple
What is the components of simple lipids
Fatty acid and alcohol
_______ lipid contain more than two components (fatty acid and alcohol plus other components)
Complex
What are the components of complex lipid
Fatty acid alcohol plus other components
What is under the simple lipids
Waxes and triglycerides (fats and oils)
Esters of long chain fatty acid with long chain alcohols. They provide a waterproof barriers and plants and animals
Waxes
Esters formed from glycerol and three fatty acid. They are the main form of stored energy in the body.
Triglycerides (Fats and Oils)
What is under the complex lipids
Phosphoglycerides and sphingolipids
Composed of glycerol fatty acids a phosphate group and sometimes an additional alcohol. These are critical components of cell membranes
Phosphoglycerides (phospholipids)
Contain a sphingosin backbone instead of glycerol and are commonly found in the nervous system
Sphingolipids
These are not esters and cannot be hydrolyzed.
Non saponifiable lipids
What are belong in the non-saponifiable lipids
Steroids and prostaglandins
These lipids do not undergo saponification and cannot be broken down by basic hydrolysis because they lack ester bonds
Nonsaponifiable lipids
Characterized by a structure of four fused carbon rings. They include cholesterol a key components of the cell membranes and steroid hormones.
Steroids
These are derived from fatty acid and base significant roles and inflammation, blood flow and other physiological process
Prostaglandins
____is a building blocks of lipid
Fatty acid
Fatty acid have long chain _____ acids. Long _____ tails that are responsible for most of the fatty or oily characteristics of fat
Carboxylic, nonpolar
______ group, or the polar head is very hydrophilic under conditions of physiological pH
Carboxyl
Are spherical cluster of molecules
Micelles
Micelles are _______ on the surface, ______portions are on the interior
Polar, nonpolar
Micelle formation and structure are important for biological function such as
Transport of insoluble lipids in blood
What are the characteristic of fatty acid in natural lipids
- Straight chain carboxylic acid (no branching)
- Sizes range from 10 to 20 carbons
- Have an even number of carbon atoms
- Can be saturated and unsaturated
Contain no double bonds, single bonded and solid in room temperature
Saturated fatty acid
Contain one or more double bonds, liquid at room temperature and usually in the cis configuration
Unsaturated fatty acid
What are the two types of unsaturated fatty acid
Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
What is the two configuration in the unsaturated fatty acid
Cis and Trans
Creates a long kinks or bend in the fatty acid chain which prevents the chain from packing closely together
Cis Configuration
A straight fatty acid chain which allows molecules from packing closely together
Trans configuration
Melting point _____as the number of carbon double bond _____
Decreases, increase
Not synthesized within the body and are obtained through diet
Essential fatty acid
What are the two types of essential fatty acid
Linoleic (omega-6 fatty acid)
Linolenic (omega-3 fatty acid)
Essential fatty acid are used to produce hormone like substances that regulates;
- Blood pressure
- Blood clotting
- Blood lipid levels
- Immune and inflammation responses
The alcohol portion is derived from glycerol and fatty acid
Fats and oils
Has three -OH groups, allowing it to attach the three fatty acids
Glycerol
When glycerol attached to the three fatty acid what is formed
Triglyceride
The main structure of fats and oils
Triglycerides
Esters can contain an ______ portion and ______ portion
Alcohol, acid
______ portion, which is derived from the glycerol
Alcohol
______ portion, which is furnished by fatty acid
Acid
Formation of triglycerides or triacylglycerols
Esterification
Animal fats contain primarily triglycerides of long chain saturated fatty acids which is ____ melting point
Higher
Vegetable oil such as corn oil and sunflower oil consists of triglycerides containing unsaturated fatty acids which is ____ melting point
Lower
______ are from _______ sources,______ at room temperature and composed of ______ oblong train saturated fatty acid
Fats, animal, solid, triglycerides
_____ from _____ amd _____, are ____at room temperature.
Oils, plants, fish, liquid
The reverse of esterification and a key process for the adjusting fats and oils
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is important for the digestions of ______ and ______
Oils and fats
Hydrolysis results in a formation of ______ and _______
Glycerol and fatty acid
Hydrolysis can be catalyzed by _______ of the digestive system
Enzymes ( lipases)
A process of reacting triglycerides with a strong base to produce glycerol and soap
Saponification
Saponification produce _____ and _____
Glycerol and soap
What is the property of sodium salt that are found in cake soap
Hard salts
What is the properties of potassium salts that are found in shaving cream and liquid soap preparations
Soft soaps
What is used in making soap
- Animal fat as the source of triglycerides
- Used lye (cruse NaOH) or an aqueous extract of wood ash as the source of the base
A reaction by which fatty acid double bonds are converted to single bonds
Hydrogenation
Hydrogenation _______the degree of unsaturation, and _______ the melting point
Decreases, increases
Complete hydrogenation result in a ______ and _____ product. While partial hydrogenation results in a ________.
Hard, waxy, smooth creamy product
Esther of long chain fatty acid and long chain alcohol
Waxes
Waxes are esters of long chain ______ and long chain ______
Fatty acid, alcohol
Waxes are water ______ and not easily ________
Insoluble, hydrolyzed
_______ occur as protective coating in nature on ______,______,_____,_____.
Waxes, skin, fruit, leaves, fur
Waxes are used commercially to make ______, ______, _______
- Cosmetic candles
- Ointments
- Protective polishes
They are the type of complex lipid of which its composition affects the membrane structure and properties.
Phosphoglycerides
They allow transport of enzymes and is a major component of membranes
Phosphoglycerides
Phosphoglyceride is a complex lipid containing ______, _______, _______, ______
- Glycerol
- Fatty acids
- Phosphoric acid
- Amino alcohol
A phosphoglycerides containing choline
Lecithin
A phosphoglyceride containing ethanolamine or serine
Cephalin
Is a compound containing four rings fused in a particular pattern
Steroids
Steroid has a basic structure set of three _______ and a single ________ ring fused together
Six membered rings, five membered rings
Steroids are _____ in nonpolar solvents.
Soluble
Steroids function as structural components of ______, _______, _______.
- Cellular membranes
- Energy reservoir
- Signaling molecules
Is an abundant and important steroid in the human body. It also the precursor to other significant steroids including vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone, cortisol and bile salts
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is the precursor to other significant steroids including;
- Vitamin D
- Testosterone
- Estrogen
- Aldosterone
- Cortisol
- Bile salts
Is a yellow brown or green liver secretion stored and concentrated in the gallbladder.
Bile
Bile salts are water ______, _____ and metabolites of cholesterol that facilitate intestinal absorption of lipids.
Soluble, ampiphatic
Is a principal bile salts
Sodium glycocholate
What are the waste components of bile salts
- Cholesterol
- Bile pigments
What are the functions of bile salts
- Emulsification of lipids and breaking larger globules into smaller droplets
- Emulsification of cholesterol found in bile
High cholesterol levels or low bile salt concentration can lead to formation of ______.
Gallstones
A hardened deposits of digestive fluid that can form in your gallbladder
Gallstones
Passage of a gallstone from the ______ down to the common _____ to the _______ causes excruciating _______.
Gallbladder-bile duct-intestine-pain
Results of gallstones;
- Pain
- Nausea and feeling ill
- Yellowish skin due to the bile pigment being absorbed in the blood
- Stool becoming gray color to lack of execrated bile pigments
______ color of the skin is due to the ______ being absorbed in the blood.
Yellowish, bile pigment
_____ becoming ______ due to the ____ of execrated bile pigments
Stool, gray color, lack
Are large class of lipophilic small molecules that are synthesized in steroidogenic tissues and act on target sites to regulate a myriad of physiological functions.
Steroid hormones
What are the two hormones
Adrenocorticoid hormones
Sex hormones
Are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticoid
What are the classification of adrenocortoid hormones based on their function
Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
A type of adrenocortoid hormones that regulates the concentration of ions in bodily fluids
Mineralocorticoids
A type of adrenocorticoid hormones that enhances carbohydrates metabolism
Glucocorticoids
What do you call the testes and ovaries, that is important in reproductive processes
Sex hormones
Sex hormones helps to develop secondary sex characteristics that appears during ______
Puberty
_____Are male sex hormones produced by testes. It includes _____ which promotes normal growth of male genital organs
Androgens, testosterone
A growth promoting steroid as it includes the testerone. It is used by the athletes to promote muscular development without excessive musculinization.
Anabolic steroids
Anabolic steroids can affect the male reproductive system and can cause:
- Testicular atrophy
- Decrease in sperm count
- Temporary infertility
Involved in the development of the ovum as it includes estradiol and estrum
Estrogen
_______ causes changes in the uterine wall to prepare and accept a ______ and maintain the resulting _______.
Progesterone, fertilized egg, pregnancy
Our second type of complex lipid found in cell membranes that is essential for cell structure and function
Sphingolipids
Sphingolipids do not contain _____, instead they contain _______, a long chain and saturated amino alcohol.
Glycerol, sphingosine
What is the common type of sphingolipid
Sphingomyelin
What are the two cell types
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
What are the two membranes
External and internal membranes
A membrane that acts as a selective barrier between the cell and its environment
External membrane
A membrane that surrounds organelles creating compartments with distinct functions
Internal membranes
Most cell membranes contain about ____ lipid and ____protein
60%, 40%
What are the predominant types of lipids that found in most membranes
- Phosphoglycerides (lecithin and cephalin)
- Sphingomyelin
- Cholesterol
A model of membrane structure in which proteins are embedded in a flexible lipid bilayer
Fluid mosaic model
These are single celled organism that lack a nucleus
Bacteria
All ______ have a nucleus containing _____ and other membrane bound organelles. They are also able to move using different types of ______.
Protist, DNA, appendages
What is the disease that caused by protist
1.Malaria
2. Potato late blight
Transmitted by female mosquitoes carrying species of plasmodium a single celled parasites
Malaria
It is caused by an oomycete, phytophtora infestans, which causes potato stocks and stems to decay into black slime
Potato late blight
An organism that causes disease to its host
Pathogen
Are cyclic compounds synthesized in the body from the 20 carbon unsaturated fatty acids arachidonic acid
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins have ____ carbon atoms in their fatty acid chains. An ______ on carbon 11 and 15. And a _____ at carbon 13.
20, OH, trans double bond
Prostaglandins are similar to _____ since they are intimately involved in a host of body process
Hormones
Prostaglandins are involved in
- Regulation of menstruation
- Prevention of conception
- Induction of uterine contraction
- Stimulate blood clotting
- Late to information and fever, inhibited by aspirin
What are the therapeutic potential of prostaglandins?
- Labor induction
- Therapeutic abortion
- Asthma treatment
- Peptic ulcer treatment
Prostaglandins like PGE2 and PGF2 are used to induce labor
Labor induction
Prostaglandins are used to terminate early pregnancies
Therapeutic abortion
PGE2 in aerosol form can relax bronchial muscles, easing breathing difficulties
Asthma treatment
Certain prostaglandins can inhibit gastric acid secretion
Peptic ulcer treatment
