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Biochem Lec FINALS > Nucleic Acid Ppt > Flashcards

Nucleic Acid Ppt Flashcards

1
Q

Biomolecules involved in the transfer of genetic information from existing cells to new cells

A

Nucleic acid

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2
Q

Nucleic acid is classified into:

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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3
Q

It is found mainly in the cytoplasm of the cells

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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4
Q

It is found primarily in the nuclei of cells

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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5
Q

Is the repeating structural unit or monomer of polymeric nucleic acid

A

Nucleotide

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6
Q

Nucleic acid is composed of

A

Nucleotides

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7
Q

Nucleotides are composed of ______, ______, _______.

A
  1. Pyrimidines and purines
  2. Ribose or 2-deoxyribose
  3. Phosphate
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8
Q

Bases found in nucleic acid are derived from the heterocyclic compounds ______ and ______.

A

Pyrimidine and purine

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9
Q

A single six membered ring containing two nitrogen atoms

A

Pyrimidine

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10
Q

A fused ring system containing both a six membered ring with two nitrogen atoms and a five membered ring with two nitrogen

A

Purine

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11
Q

What are the three major bases of pyrimidines

A
  1. Uracil
  2. Thymine
  3. Cytosine
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12
Q

What are the major bases of purines

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Guanine
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13
Q

The sugar component of RNA is ______and DNA is ______.

A

D-ribose, D-deoxyribose

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14
Q

What is the structural difference between D-ribose and D-deoxyribose?

A

Presence versus the absence of hydroxy group on 2’ position in the furanose ring

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15
Q

______ is derived from phosphoric acid

A

Phosphate

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16
Q

________ exist in ionic form in cellular pH conditions and has a 2- charge

A

Phosphoric acid

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17
Q

In the formation of nucleotide, base is always attached to the ___ position of the sugar, and phosphate is located at the ___ position.

A

1’ , 5’

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18
Q

______ are joined together in _____ by _____ groups that connects the ___ carbon of one nucleotide to __ carbon of the next.

A

Nucleotides, nucleic acid, phosphate, 5’, 3’

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19
Q

_____ are phosphodiester bonds.

A

Linkages

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20
Q

Sugar-phosphate chain that is common to all nucleic acid

A

Nucleic acid backbone

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21
Q

____ of the bases provides the ____ structure of DNA.

A

Order, primary

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22
Q

Secondary structure of DNA is proposed by ____ and _____ (1935)

A

Watson and Crick

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23
Q

The two intertwined polynucleotide chains of the DNA double helix that run in opposite directions.

A

Secondary structure of DNA

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24
Q

Basis of DNA are point ____.

A

Inward

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25
Q

The double bond helix that are held together by hydrogen bonds.

A

Complementary DNA strands

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26
Q

Complementary DNA strands is the _____ helix are held together by _____ bonds.

A

Double, hydrogen

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27
Q

What are the complementary base pairs

A

Adenine and Thymine (2H bonds)
Guanine and Cytosine (3H bonds)

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28
Q

Human cells contain ___ chromosomes.

A

46

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29
Q

Tightly packed bundle of DNA and protein that is involved in cell division.

A

Chromosome

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30
Q

Each chromosomes contains one molecule of ____ coiled tightly by ____.

A

DNA, histones

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31
Q

_____ are small and basic proteins

A

Histones

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32
Q

DNA contain segments called _____, which are the fundamental units of heredity

A

Gene

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33
Q

Each gene ____ the synthesis of a specific protein. Number of genes contained in the social unit of an organism _____with the type of organism.

A

Directs, varies

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34
Q

A process by which an exact copy of a DNA molecule is produced.

A

DNA replication

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35
Q

Two strands of DNA ____. Each serves as a template for the construction of its own complement.

A

Separate

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36
Q

In DNA replication, A is paired with ___, and C is paired with ___.

A

T, G

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37
Q

Process by which a new DNA molecule that has one strand from the parent and a new complementary strand is produced.

A

Semi conservative replication

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38
Q

Replication occurs ______ at many points along the original DNA molecule

A

Simultaneously

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39
Q

What are the steps in DNA replication

A
  1. Unwinding of the double helix
  2. Synthesis of DNA
  3. Closing the nicks
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40
Q

A step which is catalyzed by enzyme helicase and replication forks are exposed

A

Step 1: Unwinding of the double helix

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41
Q

A point where the double helix unwinds during replication

A

Replication fork

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42
Q

A step in which daughter strands form as nucleotides and are linked together under the influence of DNA polymerase

A

Step 2: synthesis of DNA

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43
Q

In step two, the second daughter strand is synthesized as a _______.

A

Series of fragments

44
Q

What do you call the gaps between segments in the daughter strand

A

Nicks

45
Q

DNA fragment produced during replication as a result of strand growth in a direction away from the replication fork.

A

Okazaki fragments

46
Q

A step where catalyzed by DNA ligase

A

Step 3: Closing the nicks

47
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is developed by _____ in 1983.

A

Kary Mullis

48
Q

It mimics the natural process of replication

A

PCR or polymerase chain reaction

49
Q

Polymerase chain reaction is a standard research technique that:

A
  1. The text all manner of mutations associated with genetic disease
  2. Detects the presence of unwanted DNA, as in the case of bacterial or viral infection.
  3. Can be used on degraded DNA samples
  4. Allows DNA from extinct mammals, egyptian mummies, an ancient insects trapped in amber to be amplified.
50
Q

A long, and branch polymer consisting of nucleotides joined by 3’-5’ phosphodiester bonds

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

51
Q

RNA ranges from as few as ____too many ____of nucleotides.

A

73, thousands

52
Q

RNA can be found in ______, _______, and ______.

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria

53
Q

What are the types of RNA

A
  1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
54
Q

RNA differs from _____.

A

DNA

55
Q

RNA contain ____sugar unit instead of deoxyribose. Contains the base ____ instead of thymine (T).

A

Ribose, Uracil (U)

56
Q

RNA usually contain _____ stranded, does not have ____ complementary bases. Has region with ______structure and ____.

A

Single, 1:1, double helical, loops

57
Q

In RNA, Adenine (A) pairs with ____, and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).

A

Uracil (U)

58
Q

It carries genetic information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

59
Q

mRNA has a ____ lifetime that is less than an _____.

A

Short, Hour

60
Q

mRNA is synthesized as needed and then rapidly degraded to the constituent _____.

A

Nucleotides

61
Q

Constitutes 80 to 85% of the total RNA of the cell, accounts for 65% of the material in ribosomes.

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

62
Q

Serve as the site of protein synthesis

A

Ribosomes

63
Q

Delivers individual amino acids to the site of protein synthesis.

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

64
Q

Cells contain at least one specific type of ____ for each of the ____common amino acids.

A

tRNA, 20

65
Q

tRNA is a _____ of the nucleic acid that contains ___ to ___ nucleotides per chain.

A

Smallest, 70-93

66
Q

Enables tRNA to bind to mRNA during protein synthesis.

A

Anticodon

67
Q

Binds an amino acid with an ester bond and transport it to the site of protein synthesis.

A

3’ end of the molecule

68
Q

Well established process by which genetic information stored in DNA molecules is expressed in the structure of synthesized proteins.

A

Central dogma of molecular biology

69
Q

What are the 2 steps in the flow of genetic information?

A
  1. Transcription
  2. Translation
70
Q

Transfer of genetic material from a DNA molecule to a molecule of messenger RNA.

A

Transcription

71
Q

Conversion of the code carried by messenger RNA into an amino acid sequence of a protein.

A

Translation

72
Q

What is the flow of genetic information in the cell

A

DNA—TRANSCRIPTION—RNA—
TRANSLATION—PROTEIN

73
Q

In prokaryotic cells gene exist as a _____ segment of DNA molecule.

A

Continuous

74
Q

Transcription produces ____ that undergoes translation immediately due to the absence of a nuclear membrane.

A

mRNA

75
Q

In eukaryotic cells segments of DNA are interrupted by _____.

A

Introns

76
Q

_____ do not carry codes for amino acid.

A

Introns

77
Q

_____ carry codes for amino acids.

A

Exons

78
Q

Transcription occur in both ____ and _____, which leads to the production of _______.

A

Introns, exons, heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

79
Q

_____ undergoes a series of enzyme catalyzed reaction to produce mRNA.

A

hnRNA

80
Q

Introns are _____. Exons are ______.

A

Cut out, joined together.

81
Q

____ serve as a template on which amino acid are assembled in proper sequence to produce a specified protein. This process is called ____.

A

mRNA, genetic code

82
Q

Exact word to word translation is made from ____ to ____.

A

mRNA— tRNA

83
Q

Translation is called ____

A

genetic code

84
Q

A sequence of three nucleotide bases that represents a code word on mRNA molecules

A

Codon

85
Q

What are the stages of protein synthesis

A
  1. Chain initiation
  2. Chain elongation
  3. Chain termination
86
Q

It initiates the growing polypeptide chain as the N-terminal amino acid. Cleaved from the finish protein when protein synthesis is completed.

A

N-Formylmethionine

87
Q

Incoming tRNA amino acid bonds at the Aminoacy site on the mRNA.

A

Elongation of the chain

88
Q

In the elongation of the chain second amino acid is linked to N- formylmethionine by a peptide bond whose formation is catalyzed by ____

A

Peptidyl transferase.

89
Q

After the peptide bond forms, tRNA is _____ and the growing peptide chain is ______ to the tRNA bound to A site.

A

Empty, attached

90
Q

During _____, the ribosome moves and the empty tRNA is released. A site is available to receive the next _____. Process is repeated until the entire polypeptide chain is _____.

A

Translocation, tRNA, synthesized

91
Q

______is a specific protein that binds to the stop codon. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of completed polypeptide chain from the final ____.

A

Termination factor, tRNA

92
Q

Several ribosomes can move along a _____ strand of mRNA one after another. Several identical polypeptide chains can be synthesized simultaneously from a single ______ molecule.

A

Single, mRNA

93
Q

Complex of mRNA and several ribosomes.

A

Polyribosome or polysome.

94
Q

Growing peptide chains extend from the _____ into the ______. Fold to assume ____ dimensional _____ and ____ configuration.

A

Ribosomes, cellular cytoplasm, three, secondary, tertiary.

95
Q

Any change resulting in an incorrect base sequence on DNA.

A

Mutation

96
Q

Mutation can occur _____ during DNA replication by ______ factors.

A

Naturally, environmental

97
Q

Chemical that induces mutations by reacting with DNA.

A

Mutagen

98
Q

Some _____ might be beneficial to an organism by making it more _____ of surviving in its environment.

A

Mutations, capable

99
Q

Mutation may be ____ or may produce _____ diseases.

A

Lethal, genetic

100
Q

A DNA of an organism that contains genetic material from another organism.

A

Recombinant DNA

101
Q

Protective enzyme found in some bacteria that catalyzes the cleaving of all but a few specific types of DNA.

A

Restriction enzyme

102
Q

Recombinant DNA act at ____.

A

Palindromes

103
Q

Section in which two strands have the same sequence but run and opposite directions.

A

Palindrome

104
Q

It is used to connect DNA fragments during replication and to put together pieces of DNA produced by restriction enzyme.

A

DNA ligases

105
Q

A circular double stranded dna found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells

A

Plasmids

106
Q

Plasmids are used as _____ to insert DNA into new host to produce recombinants.

A

Vectors

107
Q

Carrier of foreign DNA into a cell. Hold the ability to replicate and dependently of chromosomal DNA.

A

Vector

Biochem Lec FINALS (7 decks)

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