Nucleic Acid Ppt Flashcards
1
Q
Biomolecules involved in the transfer of genetic information from existing cells to new cells
A
Nucleic acid
2
Q
Nucleic acid is classified into:
A
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
3
Q
It is found mainly in the cytoplasm of the cells
A
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
4
Q
It is found primarily in the nuclei of cells
A
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
5
Q
Is the repeating structural unit or monomer of polymeric nucleic acid
A
Nucleotide
6
Q
Nucleic acid is composed of
A
Nucleotides
7
Q
Nucleotides are composed of ______, ______, _______.
A
- Pyrimidines and purines
- Ribose or 2-deoxyribose
- Phosphate
8
Q
Bases found in nucleic acid are derived from the heterocyclic compounds ______ and ______.
A
Pyrimidine and purine
9
Q
A single six membered ring containing two nitrogen atoms
A
Pyrimidine
10
Q
A fused ring system containing both a six membered ring with two nitrogen atoms and a five membered ring with two nitrogen
A
Purine
11
Q
What are the three major bases of pyrimidines
A
- Uracil
- Thymine
- Cytosine
12
Q
What are the major bases of purines
A
- Adenine
- Guanine
13
Q
The sugar component of RNA is ______and DNA is ______.
A
D-ribose, D-deoxyribose
14
Q
What is the structural difference between D-ribose and D-deoxyribose?
A
Presence versus the absence of hydroxy group on 2’ position in the furanose ring
15
Q
______ is derived from phosphoric acid
A
Phosphate
16
Q
________ exist in ionic form in cellular pH conditions and has a 2- charge
A
Phosphoric acid
17
Q
In the formation of nucleotide, base is always attached to the ___ position of the sugar, and phosphate is located at the ___ position.
A
1’ , 5’
18
Q
______ are joined together in _____ by _____ groups that connects the ___ carbon of one nucleotide to __ carbon of the next.
A
Nucleotides, nucleic acid, phosphate, 5’, 3’
19
Q
_____ are phosphodiester bonds.
A
Linkages
20
Q
Sugar-phosphate chain that is common to all nucleic acid
A
Nucleic acid backbone
21
Q
____ of the bases provides the ____ structure of DNA.
A
Order, primary
22
Q
Secondary structure of DNA is proposed by ____ and _____ (1935)
A
Watson and Crick
23
Q
The two intertwined polynucleotide chains of the DNA double helix that run in opposite directions.
A
Secondary structure of DNA
24
Q
Basis of DNA are point ____.
A
Inward
25
The double bond helix that are held together by hydrogen bonds.
Complementary DNA strands
26
Complementary DNA strands is the _____ helix are held together by _____ bonds.
Double, hydrogen
27
What are the complementary base pairs
Adenine and Thymine (2H bonds)
Guanine and Cytosine (3H bonds)
28
Human cells contain ___ chromosomes.
46
29
Tightly packed bundle of DNA and protein that is involved in cell division.
Chromosome
30
Each chromosomes contains one molecule of ____ coiled tightly by ____.
DNA, histones
31
_____ are small and basic proteins
Histones
32
DNA contain segments called _____, which are the fundamental units of heredity
Gene
33
Each gene ____ the synthesis of a specific protein. Number of genes contained in the social unit of an organism _____with the type of organism.
Directs, varies
34
A process by which an exact copy of a DNA molecule is produced.
DNA replication
35
Two strands of DNA ____. Each serves as a template for the construction of its own complement.
Separate
36
In DNA replication, A is paired with ___, and C is paired with ___.
T, G
37
Process by which a new DNA molecule that has one strand from the parent and a new complementary strand is produced.
Semi conservative replication
38
Replication occurs ______ at many points along the original DNA molecule
Simultaneously
39
What are the steps in DNA replication
1. Unwinding of the double helix
2. Synthesis of DNA
3. Closing the nicks
40
A step which is catalyzed by enzyme helicase and replication forks are exposed
Step 1: Unwinding of the double helix
41
A point where the double helix unwinds during replication
Replication fork
42
A step in which daughter strands form as nucleotides and are linked together under the influence of DNA polymerase
Step 2: synthesis of DNA
43
In step two, the second daughter strand is synthesized as a _______.
Series of fragments
44
What do you call the gaps between segments in the daughter strand
Nicks
45
DNA fragment produced during replication as a result of strand growth in a direction away from the replication fork.
Okazaki fragments
46
A step where catalyzed by DNA ligase
Step 3: Closing the nicks
47
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is developed by _____ in 1983.
Kary Mullis
48
It mimics the natural process of replication
PCR or polymerase chain reaction
49
Polymerase chain reaction is a standard research technique that:
1. The text all manner of mutations associated with genetic disease
2. Detects the presence of unwanted DNA, as in the case of bacterial or viral infection.
3. Can be used on degraded DNA samples
4. Allows DNA from extinct mammals, egyptian mummies, an ancient insects trapped in amber to be amplified.
50
A long, and branch polymer consisting of nucleotides joined by 3'-5' phosphodiester bonds
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
51
RNA ranges from as few as ____too many ____of nucleotides.
73, thousands
52
RNA can be found in ______, _______, and ______.
Nucleus, cytoplasm and mitochondria
53
What are the types of RNA
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
54
RNA differs from _____.
DNA
55
RNA contain ____sugar unit instead of deoxyribose. Contains the base ____ instead of thymine (T).
Ribose, Uracil (U)
56
RNA usually contain _____ stranded, does not have ____ complementary bases. Has region with ______structure and ____.
Single, 1:1, double helical, loops
57
In RNA, Adenine (A) pairs with ____, and Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C).
Uracil (U)
58
It carries genetic information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
59
mRNA has a ____ lifetime that is less than an _____.
Short, Hour
60
mRNA is synthesized as needed and then rapidly degraded to the constituent _____.
Nucleotides
61
Constitutes 80 to 85% of the total RNA of the cell, accounts for 65% of the material in ribosomes.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
62
Serve as the site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
63
Delivers individual amino acids to the site of protein synthesis.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
64
Cells contain at least one specific type of ____ for each of the ____common amino acids.
tRNA, 20
65
tRNA is a _____ of the nucleic acid that contains ___ to ___ nucleotides per chain.
Smallest, 70-93
66
Enables tRNA to bind to mRNA during protein synthesis.
Anticodon
67
Binds an amino acid with an ester bond and transport it to the site of protein synthesis.
3' end of the molecule
68
Well established process by which genetic information stored in DNA molecules is expressed in the structure of synthesized proteins.
Central dogma of molecular biology
69
What are the 2 steps in the flow of genetic information?
1. Transcription
2. Translation
70
Transfer of genetic material from a DNA molecule to a molecule of messenger RNA.
Transcription
71
Conversion of the code carried by messenger RNA into an amino acid sequence of a protein.
Translation
72
What is the flow of genetic information in the cell
DNA---TRANSCRIPTION---RNA---
TRANSLATION---PROTEIN
73
In prokaryotic cells gene exist as a _____ segment of DNA molecule.
Continuous
74
Transcription produces ____ that undergoes translation immediately due to the absence of a nuclear membrane.
mRNA
75
In eukaryotic cells segments of DNA are interrupted by _____.
Introns
76
_____ do not carry codes for amino acid.
Introns
77
_____ carry codes for amino acids.
Exons
78
Transcription occur in both ____ and _____, which leads to the production of _______.
Introns, exons, heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
79
_____ undergoes a series of enzyme catalyzed reaction to produce mRNA.
hnRNA
80
Introns are _____. Exons are ______.
Cut out, joined together.
81
____ serve as a template on which amino acid are assembled in proper sequence to produce a specified protein. This process is called ____.
mRNA, genetic code
82
Exact word to word translation is made from ____ to ____.
mRNA--- tRNA
83
Translation is called ____
genetic code
84
A sequence of three nucleotide bases that represents a code word on mRNA molecules
Codon
85
What are the stages of protein synthesis
1. Chain initiation
2. Chain elongation
3. Chain termination
86
It initiates the growing polypeptide chain as the N-terminal amino acid. Cleaved from the finish protein when protein synthesis is completed.
N-Formylmethionine
87
Incoming tRNA amino acid bonds at the Aminoacy site on the mRNA.
Elongation of the chain
88
In the elongation of the chain second amino acid is linked to N- formylmethionine by a peptide bond whose formation is catalyzed by ____
Peptidyl transferase.
89
After the peptide bond forms, tRNA is _____ and the growing peptide chain is ______ to the tRNA bound to A site.
Empty, attached
90
During _____, the ribosome moves and the empty tRNA is released. A site is available to receive the next _____. Process is repeated until the entire polypeptide chain is _____.
Translocation, tRNA, synthesized
91
______is a specific protein that binds to the stop codon. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of completed polypeptide chain from the final ____.
Termination factor, tRNA
92
Several ribosomes can move along a _____ strand of mRNA one after another. Several identical polypeptide chains can be synthesized simultaneously from a single ______ molecule.
Single, mRNA
93
Complex of mRNA and several ribosomes.
Polyribosome or polysome.
94
Growing peptide chains extend from the _____ into the ______. Fold to assume ____ dimensional _____ and ____ configuration.
Ribosomes, cellular cytoplasm, three, secondary, tertiary.
95
Any change resulting in an incorrect base sequence on DNA.
Mutation
96
Mutation can occur _____ during DNA replication by ______ factors.
Naturally, environmental
97
Chemical that induces mutations by reacting with DNA.
Mutagen
98
Some _____ might be beneficial to an organism by making it more _____ of surviving in its environment.
Mutations, capable
99
Mutation may be ____ or may produce _____ diseases.
Lethal, genetic
100
A DNA of an organism that contains genetic material from another organism.
Recombinant DNA
101
Protective enzyme found in some bacteria that catalyzes the cleaving of all but a few specific types of DNA.
Restriction enzyme
102
Recombinant DNA act at ____.
Palindromes
103
Section in which two strands have the same sequence but run and opposite directions.
Palindrome
104
It is used to connect DNA fragments during replication and to put together pieces of DNA produced by restriction enzyme.
DNA ligases
105
A circular double stranded dna found in the cytoplasm of bacterial cells
Plasmids
106
Plasmids are used as _____ to insert DNA into new host to produce recombinants.
Vectors
107
Carrier of foreign DNA into a cell. Hold the ability to replicate and dependently of chromosomal DNA.
Vector
