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Biochem Lec FINALS > Group 2 Ppt > Flashcards

Group 2 Ppt Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleic acid is one of the _____ remarkable properties of living cells.

A

Most

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2
Q

______ have ability to produce nearly exact replicas of themselves through ______ of generations.

A

Nucleic acid, hundreds

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3
Q

The transfer of necessary genetic information to new cells is accomplished by means of biomolecules called ______.

A

Nucleic acid

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4
Q

Nucleic acid have ____ molecular weight compounds represent _____ information.

A

High, coded

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5
Q

Nucleic acid have nearly _____ variety of possible structures that enables them to represent the huge amount of information that must be transmitted ____ or _____ to produce a living organism.

A

Infinite, sexually, asexually

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6
Q

What are the two categories of nucleic acid

A

RNA
DNA

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7
Q

It is found mainly in the cytoplasm of living cells

A

RNA

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8
Q

It is found primarily in the nuclei of cells

A

DNA

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9
Q

Both DNA and RNA are _____, consisting of _____, ____ molecules.

A

Polymers, long, linear

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10
Q

Is the repeating structural units or monomers of the nucleic acid

A

Nucleotides

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11
Q

Nucleotides are composed of three simpler components; ________, _______, and __________.

A
  1. Heterocyclic/ nitrogenous bases
  2. Sugar
  3. Phosphate
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12
Q

_______ base, also called _______, are two planar _____ heterocyclic compounds that forms an important part of the nucleotides.

A

Nitrogenous, nucleobases, aromatic

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13
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases

A

Purines: adenine and guanine
Pyrimidine: cytosine, thymine, uracil

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14
Q

What is the sugar component of RNA?

A

D-ribose , as the name ribonucleic acid implies

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15
Q

What is the sugar component of DNA?

A

D-deoxyribose, as it lacks one oxygen atom at the second position of the heterocyclic ring.

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16
Q

______ is the third component of nucleotides, is derived from phosphoric acid with under cellular pH condition.

A

Phosphate

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17
Q

DNA structure is made up of ____ linked strands that’s intertwined around each other to resemble _______ in a _____ like shape.

A

Two, twisted ladder, helix

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18
Q

Each strand of DNA has a _____, that is made of ______ sugar (deoxyribose) and ______ groups

A

Backbone, alternating, phosphate

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19
Q

The primary DNA structure mainly refers to the ______nucleotide sequences that are held together by strong ________ bonds.

A

Linear, Phosphodiester

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20
Q

The phosphodiester bond is present between ____ carbon of one nucleotide and the ____carbon of the adjacent nucleotide.

A

3’, 5’

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21
Q

The secondary structure of DNA was proposed in 1953 by American _____ and English ______.

A

James D. Watson, Francis H. Crick

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22
Q

Known as the greatest discovery in modern biology

A

Secondary structure of DNA

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23
Q

The two intertwined polynucleotide chain of DNA _____ helix run in _____ direction.

A

Double, opposite

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24
Q

What is the unique feature of watson and crick structure

A

Chains are held together to form the double helix

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25
Q

Watson and crick theorize that the DNA structure is stabilized by ______ bonding between the bases that extend ____ from sugar phosphate backbone.

A

Hydrogen , inward

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26
Q

The _____ nature of the helix creates ____ and ____ grooves where proteins can bind to DNA, allowing regulation of ____ expression and ____ replication.

A

Twisting, major, minor, gene, DNA

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27
Q

The elegance of the double helix lies in its ability to both ____ genetic information and make it ______ for the process that sustain life.

A

Protect, available

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28
Q

The two DNA strands with this much sequences are said to be complementary to each other or known as

A

Complementary DNA strands

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29
Q

RNA is _____, _____ polymer with nucleotides joined together by phosphodiester bonds.

A

Long, unbranched

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30
Q

What is the primary structure of RNA that differs from DNA?

A
  1. Ribose sugar unit
  2. Uracil base
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31
Q

RNA molecules are ____ stranded, and they _____ have complementary base ratios of ____. However, they contain ____ helical regions, with typical ____ proportion

A

Single, do not, 1:1, double, 50%

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32
Q

What are the types of RNA

A
  1. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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33
Q

This kind of RNA functions as carrier of genetic information from the DNA of the cell nucleus directly to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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34
Q

The bases of mRNA are in sequence that is ________ to the base sequence of the nuclear _____. In contrast to DNA, which remain _____ and acids could be represented uniquely.

A

Complementary, DNA, intact

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35
Q

This type of RNA is the main component of ribosomes that are the site of protein synthesis.

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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36
Q

rRNA accounts for ______ % of the total RNA of the cell, and ___% of ribosomes structure.

A

80-85%, 65%

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37
Q

This type of RNA is delivers individual amino acid to the site of protein synthesis

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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38
Q

tRNA specific to ____ type of amino acid; cells contain at least one specific type of tRNA for each of the _____common amino acid.

A

One, 20

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39
Q

tRNA is the ______ of the nucleic acid, with ______ nucleotides per chain.

A

Smallest, 73-93

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40
Q

tRNA has regions of ______ bonding between ______ base pairs.

A

Hydrogen, complementary

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41
Q

The ______ is is a three base sequence which allows tRNA to bind to mRNA during protein synthesis.

A

Anticodon

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42
Q

The 3’ end of the molecule binds to an _____ acid with _____ bond and transport it into the site of protein synthesis.

A

Amino, ester

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43
Q

An enzyme matches the tRNA molecule to ______ amino acid, ______ it for protein synthesis.

A

Correct, activating

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44
Q

The process of gene expression is called the _________.

A

Central dogma of molecular biology

45
Q

In central dogma of molecular biology the genetic information contain in DNA molecules is _______ to RNA molecules. The transferred information of RNA molecules is then express in the _____ of synthesized protein.

A

Transferred, structure

46
Q

What are the steps in central dogma

A
  1. DNA replication
  2. Transcription
  3. Translation
47
Q

______ is the process by which an exact copy of DNA is produced.

A

DNA replication

48
Q

_______ the transfer of genetic information from DNA to a molecule of messenger RNA.

A

Transcription

49
Q

_______ is the conversion of code carried by mRNA into an amino acid sequence of protein.

A

Translation

50
Q

________ is the process in which the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA, to make a functional product protein.

A

Central dogma

51
Q

The _______is a set of three letter combinations of nucleotides called _____ that represents a code word on mRNA molecules.

A

Genetic code, codons

52
Q

Number of mRNA needed at least ___ to represent 20 amino acid.

A

20

53
Q

Single base words could only represent ___ amino acids (A,G,C,U)

A

4

54
Q

Two base words provided ____combinations (5^2) but still ____

A

16, insufficient

55
Q

Three base codons provided ____combinations (4^3), more than _____ to code for 20 amino acid.

A

64, enough

56
Q

What is used in a synthetic mRNA with a sequence _____, coding for phenylalanine

A

UUU

57
Q

Continued research by ____ and others completed the genetic code by ____.

A

Nirenberg, 1967

58
Q

The genetic code applies _____ to almost all organism. Each amino acid is represented by the same _____ codon in every organism.

A

Universally, three-base

59
Q

What are the amino acid that have up to six codons

A
  1. Leucine
  2. Serine
  3. Arginine
60
Q

Only _____ and ______ are represented by single codon.

A

Methionine and tryptophan

61
Q

Three of the 64 possible codons act as stop signals which is; ______, ______, ______.

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

62
Q

_______ is the biological process of producing two identical DNA molecules from one original DNA molecule.

A

DNA replication

63
Q

DNA replication is essential for _____ and ______.

A

Inheritance, cellular division

64
Q

What is the purpose of DNA replication

A

Ensure genetic information is passed to new cells or the next generation

65
Q

______ each daughter DNA contains one original strand and one new strand

A

Semi conservative model

66
Q

The direction of DNA replication occurs in the ____ to ___ direction.

A

5’, 3’

67
Q

What are the steps in DNA replication

A
  1. Unwinding the DNA double helix
  2. Synthesis of DNA strands
  3. Completion
68
Q

A step in DNA replication in which enzyme helicase separates DNA strands at the replication fork. Hydrogen bonds between pairs are also broken.

A

Unwinding the DNA double helix

69
Q

What strand is synthesized continuously by DNA polymerase

A

Leading strand

70
Q

What strand is synthesized in fragments (okazaki fragments) and later joined by DNA ligase.

A

Lagging strand

71
Q

A step in DNA replication where two identical DNA molecules are formed

A

Completion

72
Q

Replication relies on complementary base pairing that is the principal explained by ______ rules.

A

Chargaff’s

73
Q

An enzyme called _____ catalyzes the synthesis of DNA.

A

RNA polymerase

74
Q

During the first process, the DNA double helix begins to _____at a point near the gene that is to _____.

A

Unwind, transcribed

75
Q

Since the end product will be ____ stranded only ____ strand of the DNA molecule is transcribed.

A

Single, one

76
Q

the DNA strand always has one sequence of bases recognized by RNA polymerase as the _______ or starting point

A

Initiation

77
Q

________ are linked together along the unwound DNA strand in a sequence determined by complementary base pairing of the DNA strand bases and ribonucleotide bases.

A

Ribonucleotides

78
Q

The DNA segment that carry no amino acid code

A

Introns

79
Q

The coded DNA segments are called ______

A

Exons

80
Q

When transcription occurs in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells both entrance and exons are transcribed this produces ________.

A

Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

81
Q

What is the main goal of translation

A

Convert the genetic code mRNA into a sequence of amino acids protein

82
Q

The site where translation happens

A

Ribosome

83
Q

Building blocks of protein chain

A

Amino acids

84
Q

What are the steps of translation

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Elongation
  3. Termination
85
Q

Assembling the ribosome and starting the chain

A

Initiation

86
Q

Adding amino acid to the chain

A

Elongation

87
Q

Ending translation at a stop codon

A

Termination

88
Q

Group of three consecutive nucleotides in RNA is called ______, each of its specifies either one amino acid or a stop to the translation process.

A

Codon

89
Q

Is any change in material resulting in an incorrect base sequence on DNA.

A

Mutation

90
Q

A change in genotype produces a change in phenotype l, the individual is called ______.

A

Mutant

91
Q

Mutation in environmental factors such as ionizing radiation

A
  1. X-rays
  2. Ultraviolet light
  3. Gamma rays
92
Q

______ increases the rate of mutation.

A

X-rays

93
Q

A large number of chemicals like nitrous acids and dimethyl sulfate can also ______mutations by reacting _____

A

Induces, DNA

94
Q

A chemical that induces mutation by reacting with DNA

A

Mutagen

95
Q

What are the three main types of mutation

A
  1. Substitution
  2. Deletion
  3. Insertion
96
Q

A single base is substituted for another base

A

Substitution

97
Q

One or more nucleotides are deleted from DNA

A

Deletion

98
Q

Extra nucleotides are added to DNA

A

Insertion

99
Q

Genetic mutations could lead to genetic conditions like ______, or they could help humans better _____ to their environment over time

A

Cancer, adapt

100
Q

_______ is a failure of pair of homologous chromosomes are pair of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or meiosis

A

Non-disjunction

101
Q

______ is a genetic disorder where the total number of chromosomes doesn’t equal to 46.

A

Aneuploidy

102
Q

What are the types of aneuploidy

A
  1. Trisomy
  2. Monosomy
103
Q

A type of aneuploidy that end up with 47 chromosomes instead of 46.

A

Trisomy

104
Q

What are the types of trisomy cases

A
  1. Edward syndrome (TRISOMY 18)
  2. Patau syndrome (TRISOMY 13)
105
Q

What is the example of monosomy

A

Turners syndrome (have 45 X)

106
Q

______is a technology that involves combining DNA from two different sources to create a new DNA molecule with desired traits.

A

Recombinant DNA

107
Q

_______ alter organisms study genes and produce valuable products like medicines.

A

Genetic engineering

108
Q

What are the applications of recombinant DNA

A
  1. Production of insulin vaccines and growth hormones
  2. Genetic modification of crops for pest resistance

Biochem Lec FINALS (7 decks)

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