Group 2 Ppt Flashcards
Nucleic acid is one of the _____ remarkable properties of living cells.
Most
______ have ability to produce nearly exact replicas of themselves through ______ of generations.
Nucleic acid, hundreds
The transfer of necessary genetic information to new cells is accomplished by means of biomolecules called ______.
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acid have ____ molecular weight compounds represent _____ information.
High, coded
Nucleic acid have nearly _____ variety of possible structures that enables them to represent the huge amount of information that must be transmitted ____ or _____ to produce a living organism.
Infinite, sexually, asexually
What are the two categories of nucleic acid
RNA
DNA
It is found mainly in the cytoplasm of living cells
RNA
It is found primarily in the nuclei of cells
DNA
Both DNA and RNA are _____, consisting of _____, ____ molecules.
Polymers, long, linear
Is the repeating structural units or monomers of the nucleic acid
Nucleotides
Nucleotides are composed of three simpler components; ________, _______, and __________.
- Heterocyclic/ nitrogenous bases
- Sugar
- Phosphate
_______ base, also called _______, are two planar _____ heterocyclic compounds that forms an important part of the nucleotides.
Nitrogenous, nucleobases, aromatic
What are the nitrogenous bases
Purines: adenine and guanine
Pyrimidine: cytosine, thymine, uracil
What is the sugar component of RNA?
D-ribose , as the name ribonucleic acid implies
What is the sugar component of DNA?
D-deoxyribose, as it lacks one oxygen atom at the second position of the heterocyclic ring.
______ is the third component of nucleotides, is derived from phosphoric acid with under cellular pH condition.
Phosphate
DNA structure is made up of ____ linked strands that’s intertwined around each other to resemble _______ in a _____ like shape.
Two, twisted ladder, helix
Each strand of DNA has a _____, that is made of ______ sugar (deoxyribose) and ______ groups
Backbone, alternating, phosphate
The primary DNA structure mainly refers to the ______nucleotide sequences that are held together by strong ________ bonds.
Linear, Phosphodiester
The phosphodiester bond is present between ____ carbon of one nucleotide and the ____carbon of the adjacent nucleotide.
3’, 5’
The secondary structure of DNA was proposed in 1953 by American _____ and English ______.
James D. Watson, Francis H. Crick
Known as the greatest discovery in modern biology
Secondary structure of DNA
The two intertwined polynucleotide chain of DNA _____ helix run in _____ direction.
Double, opposite
What is the unique feature of watson and crick structure
Chains are held together to form the double helix
Watson and crick theorize that the DNA structure is stabilized by ______ bonding between the bases that extend ____ from sugar phosphate backbone.
Hydrogen , inward
The _____ nature of the helix creates ____ and ____ grooves where proteins can bind to DNA, allowing regulation of ____ expression and ____ replication.
Twisting, major, minor, gene, DNA
The elegance of the double helix lies in its ability to both ____ genetic information and make it ______ for the process that sustain life.
Protect, available
The two DNA strands with this much sequences are said to be complementary to each other or known as
Complementary DNA strands
RNA is _____, _____ polymer with nucleotides joined together by phosphodiester bonds.
Long, unbranched
What is the primary structure of RNA that differs from DNA?
- Ribose sugar unit
- Uracil base
RNA molecules are ____ stranded, and they _____ have complementary base ratios of ____. However, they contain ____ helical regions, with typical ____ proportion
Single, do not, 1:1, double, 50%
What are the types of RNA
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
This kind of RNA functions as carrier of genetic information from the DNA of the cell nucleus directly to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
The bases of mRNA are in sequence that is ________ to the base sequence of the nuclear _____. In contrast to DNA, which remain _____ and acids could be represented uniquely.
Complementary, DNA, intact
This type of RNA is the main component of ribosomes that are the site of protein synthesis.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
rRNA accounts for ______ % of the total RNA of the cell, and ___% of ribosomes structure.
80-85%, 65%
This type of RNA is delivers individual amino acid to the site of protein synthesis
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
tRNA specific to ____ type of amino acid; cells contain at least one specific type of tRNA for each of the _____common amino acid.
One, 20
tRNA is the ______ of the nucleic acid, with ______ nucleotides per chain.
Smallest, 73-93
tRNA has regions of ______ bonding between ______ base pairs.
Hydrogen, complementary
The ______ is is a three base sequence which allows tRNA to bind to mRNA during protein synthesis.
Anticodon
The 3’ end of the molecule binds to an _____ acid with _____ bond and transport it into the site of protein synthesis.
Amino, ester
An enzyme matches the tRNA molecule to ______ amino acid, ______ it for protein synthesis.
Correct, activating
The process of gene expression is called the _________.
Central dogma of molecular biology
In central dogma of molecular biology the genetic information contain in DNA molecules is _______ to RNA molecules. The transferred information of RNA molecules is then express in the _____ of synthesized protein.
Transferred, structure
What are the steps in central dogma
- DNA replication
- Transcription
- Translation
______ is the process by which an exact copy of DNA is produced.
DNA replication
_______ the transfer of genetic information from DNA to a molecule of messenger RNA.
Transcription
_______ is the conversion of code carried by mRNA into an amino acid sequence of protein.
Translation
________ is the process in which the genetic information flows from DNA to RNA, to make a functional product protein.
Central dogma
The _______is a set of three letter combinations of nucleotides called _____ that represents a code word on mRNA molecules.
Genetic code, codons
Number of mRNA needed at least ___ to represent 20 amino acid.
20
Single base words could only represent ___ amino acids (A,G,C,U)
4
Two base words provided ____combinations (5^2) but still ____
16, insufficient
Three base codons provided ____combinations (4^3), more than _____ to code for 20 amino acid.
64, enough
What is used in a synthetic mRNA with a sequence _____, coding for phenylalanine
UUU
Continued research by ____ and others completed the genetic code by ____.
Nirenberg, 1967
The genetic code applies _____ to almost all organism. Each amino acid is represented by the same _____ codon in every organism.
Universally, three-base
What are the amino acid that have up to six codons
- Leucine
- Serine
- Arginine
Only _____ and ______ are represented by single codon.
Methionine and tryptophan
Three of the 64 possible codons act as stop signals which is; ______, ______, ______.
UAA, UAG, UGA
_______ is the biological process of producing two identical DNA molecules from one original DNA molecule.
DNA replication
DNA replication is essential for _____ and ______.
Inheritance, cellular division
What is the purpose of DNA replication
Ensure genetic information is passed to new cells or the next generation
______ each daughter DNA contains one original strand and one new strand
Semi conservative model
The direction of DNA replication occurs in the ____ to ___ direction.
5’, 3’
What are the steps in DNA replication
- Unwinding the DNA double helix
- Synthesis of DNA strands
- Completion
A step in DNA replication in which enzyme helicase separates DNA strands at the replication fork. Hydrogen bonds between pairs are also broken.
Unwinding the DNA double helix
What strand is synthesized continuously by DNA polymerase
Leading strand
What strand is synthesized in fragments (okazaki fragments) and later joined by DNA ligase.
Lagging strand
A step in DNA replication where two identical DNA molecules are formed
Completion
Replication relies on complementary base pairing that is the principal explained by ______ rules.
Chargaff’s
An enzyme called _____ catalyzes the synthesis of DNA.
RNA polymerase
During the first process, the DNA double helix begins to _____at a point near the gene that is to _____.
Unwind, transcribed
Since the end product will be ____ stranded only ____ strand of the DNA molecule is transcribed.
Single, one
the DNA strand always has one sequence of bases recognized by RNA polymerase as the _______ or starting point
Initiation
________ are linked together along the unwound DNA strand in a sequence determined by complementary base pairing of the DNA strand bases and ribonucleotide bases.
Ribonucleotides
The DNA segment that carry no amino acid code
Introns
The coded DNA segments are called ______
Exons
When transcription occurs in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells both entrance and exons are transcribed this produces ________.
Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
What is the main goal of translation
Convert the genetic code mRNA into a sequence of amino acids protein
The site where translation happens
Ribosome
Building blocks of protein chain
Amino acids
What are the steps of translation
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
Assembling the ribosome and starting the chain
Initiation
Adding amino acid to the chain
Elongation
Ending translation at a stop codon
Termination
Group of three consecutive nucleotides in RNA is called ______, each of its specifies either one amino acid or a stop to the translation process.
Codon
Is any change in material resulting in an incorrect base sequence on DNA.
Mutation
A change in genotype produces a change in phenotype l, the individual is called ______.
Mutant
Mutation in environmental factors such as ionizing radiation
- X-rays
- Ultraviolet light
- Gamma rays
______ increases the rate of mutation.
X-rays
A large number of chemicals like nitrous acids and dimethyl sulfate can also ______mutations by reacting _____
Induces, DNA
A chemical that induces mutation by reacting with DNA
Mutagen
What are the three main types of mutation
- Substitution
- Deletion
- Insertion
A single base is substituted for another base
Substitution
One or more nucleotides are deleted from DNA
Deletion
Extra nucleotides are added to DNA
Insertion
Genetic mutations could lead to genetic conditions like ______, or they could help humans better _____ to their environment over time
Cancer, adapt
_______ is a failure of pair of homologous chromosomes are pair of sister chromatids to separate during mitosis or meiosis
Non-disjunction
______ is a genetic disorder where the total number of chromosomes doesn’t equal to 46.
Aneuploidy
What are the types of aneuploidy
- Trisomy
- Monosomy
A type of aneuploidy that end up with 47 chromosomes instead of 46.
Trisomy
What are the types of trisomy cases
- Edward syndrome (TRISOMY 18)
- Patau syndrome (TRISOMY 13)
What is the example of monosomy
Turners syndrome (have 45 X)
______is a technology that involves combining DNA from two different sources to create a new DNA molecule with desired traits.
Recombinant DNA
_______ alter organisms study genes and produce valuable products like medicines.
Genetic engineering
What are the applications of recombinant DNA
- Production of insulin vaccines and growth hormones
- Genetic modification of crops for pest resistance
