PPT 4 Flashcards
Whitehall I study had how many participants and from where
18 000 men in the British Civil Service
Were men in the lowest employment grades much likely to die prematurely than men in the highest grades
yes
What was not fully accounted for by differences in well-known risk factors, such as smoking
Socio-economic inequalities
what year was the Whitehall I study
1967
what year was the Whitehall II study
1985
Whitehall II study was to determine what
other factors that might contribute to this social gradient in death and disease, and to include women
Is Whitehall II study a world-class study of ageing
yes
What did the Whitehall II study combine over 30 years
Data on social inequalities and chronic disease
what did the social determinants of health involve in relation to social class difference
Involved social class differences in health on the map and investigate
social determinants of health involved contribution of three factors
1- unhealthy behaviours
2- traditional risk factors in heart disease and diabetes
3- psychological factors
List some of the psychological factors that the social determinants of health involved
1- work stress
2- unfairness
3- work-family conflict to socio-economic inequalities
Whitehall I and II study published how many research papers on the data collected
500
Did the Whitehall II research contribute to policy making in Britain and globally
yes
Mike evans stated that walking reduced the % in many different pt, give exampls of pt
1- Knee arthritis 1h treatment 3x/week reduced by 47%
2- Reduced dementia and Alzheimers by 50%
3- Pt high risk diabetes reduced by 58%
4- Post meno women reduced hip fx by 41%
5- Reduced anxiety by 30-47%
Mike evans most important improved exercise has is increased…
QOL
Stephen looked at the aerobic longitudinal study and stated that the most risk was
CRF: low fitness was the strongest predictor of death
Define attributable factors
estimate of the # of deaths in a population that would have been avoided if that risk factor was erased
What did the study in Japan state about walking
every increase in 10 minutes of walking leads to a 12% dec in high bp
What is mike evans main question
can you limit your sitting and sleeping to just 23.5 hours a day
Who had less cardiac events with pt who exercised and pt who received a stent
exercise pt
Is the proper assessment or measurement of physical activity a challenge, especially in free-living individuals.
yes
Why are accurate assessments needed (2 reasons)
1- Understand the specific amounts of physical activity that are needed for health benefits
2-Determine if a particular behavioral intervention was successful in changing activity behavior
What are the 3 considerations when determining the accuracy of an assessment tool?
1- validity
2- reliability
3- sensitivity
Define validity
measuring what you’re supposed to be measuring
Define reliability
no matter who measures, the same result should appear. Reliable on several types of test and people.
Define sensitivity
how precise, is it able to detect small enough changes
Name some subjective measures
questionnaires
surveys
interviews
logs
subjective measures can vary by two ways
1- complexity
2- time frame of recall
Name the two factors associated with complexity
1- Self-administered to interviewer administered
2- Single question to multiple components
Name the 1 factor associated with time frame of recall
Past day, past week, past month, past year, historical/lifetime
subjective measures; name types of activities assessed (4)
Leisure, occupational, household/self care activities, transportation
Name 4 pros of a recall survey
1- non reactive
2- Practicality+ Applicability
3- Accuracy
4- FITT
Name 5 cons of a recall survey
1-Does not reflect total energy expenditure 2-Reliability and validity 3-Misinterpretation across different populations 4-Social Desirability Bias 5-Proxy?
Name 3 pros of logs/diary
Practicality + Applicability
FITT?
Good for small groups
Name 4 cons of logs/diary
Responsiveness
Social desirability
Proxy?
Long
Name 3 objective measures
1-Energy Expenditure
2-Indirect Calorimetry
3-Doubly-labeled water
Define Indirect Calorimetry
Uses respiratory gas analysis to measure energy expenditure.
Define Doubly-labeled water
Uses biochemical markers to estimate energy expenditure
Name 3 objective monitors
pedometer
activity monitors
heart rate monitor
What does a pedometer do
Record steps taken and offer the ability to estimate the distance walked, if stride length is known
Pros of pedometer 6
1- small 2- cheap 3- easy 4- good for big groups 5- measures walking 6- used in many settings
cons of pedometer 3
1- does not measure FITD
2- no context
3- no reactivity
What does an activity monitor do
Assess the acceleration of the body in one or more planes of movement
Pros of activity monitor 3
- FITD
- small
- easy
cons of activity monitor 4
expensive
large groups?
no context
heavy analysis
example of why a pedometer is not valid
measures squats as steps
Heart rate is a direct indicator of what
one’s physiological response to physical activity
Heart rate is an indirect indicator of what
estimate of energy expenditure
is exercise workload/intensity, heart rate and energy expenditure a linear relationship
yes
What is the linear relationship between exercise workload/intensity, heart rate and energy expenditure
As workload/intensity increases, heart rate and energy expenditure increases
3 factors of subjective
- less accurate
- rely on opinion
- social desirability bias
2 factors on objective
- accurate
- impartial
Define physical fitness; A set of attributes that…
A set of attributes that individuals have or can achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity.
physical fitness 5 components
1- Cardiorespiratory fitness
2- Muscular fitness (Muscular strength, Muscular endurance)
3- Body composition (DEXA, skin folds)
4- Flexibility
How is Cardiorespiratory fitness measured directly/indirectly
Can be measured directly using maximal exercise testing (VO2max) or indirectly using submaximal exercise and field test protocols
Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max) is used as an objective measure of CR?
yes
is VO2 max and epidemiology studies time consuming
yes
VO2 max and epidemiology studies: 4 factors that influence PA and fitness
1- gender
2- Genetics
3- Age
4- Relative weight
Examples of indirect calorimetry
- stationary cycle ergometer
- douglas bag vs. metabolic cart
When are submaximal VO2 tests an option
for large Epidemiological Studies
submaximal VO2 tests what do you use to predict O2 consumption
HR
Are HR and exercise workload/intensity linear relationship
yes as workload/intensity increase, HR increases
How to estimate VO2 max in field tests
prediction equations
2 factors used to estimated vo2 max in field test
1-Distance covered in a predetermined time
2-Amount of time it took to cover a predetermined distance
