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EXCI 420-A > PPT 4 > Flashcards

PPT 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Whitehall I study had how many participants and from where

A

18 000 men in the British Civil Service

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2
Q

Were men in the lowest employment grades much likely to die prematurely than men in the highest grades

A

yes

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3
Q

What was not fully accounted for by differences in well-known risk factors, such as smoking

A

Socio-economic inequalities

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4
Q

what year was the Whitehall I study

A

1967

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5
Q

what year was the Whitehall II study

A

1985

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6
Q

Whitehall II study was to determine what

A

other factors that might contribute to this social gradient in death and disease, and to include women

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7
Q

Is Whitehall II study a world-class study of ageing

A

yes

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8
Q

What did the Whitehall II study combine over 30 years

A

Data on social inequalities and chronic disease

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9
Q

what did the social determinants of health involve in relation to social class difference

A

Involved social class differences in health on the map and investigate

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10
Q

social determinants of health involved contribution of three factors

A

1- unhealthy behaviours
2- traditional risk factors in heart disease and diabetes
3- psychological factors

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11
Q

List some of the psychological factors that the social determinants of health involved

A

1- work stress
2- unfairness
3- work-family conflict to socio-economic inequalities

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12
Q

Whitehall I and II study published how many research papers on the data collected

A

500

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13
Q

Did the Whitehall II research contribute to policy making in Britain and globally

A

yes

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14
Q

Mike evans stated that walking reduced the % in many different pt, give exampls of pt

A

1- Knee arthritis 1h treatment 3x/week reduced by 47%
2- Reduced dementia and Alzheimers by 50%
3- Pt high risk diabetes reduced by 58%
4- Post meno women reduced hip fx by 41%
5- Reduced anxiety by 30-47%

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15
Q

Mike evans most important improved exercise has is increased…

A

QOL

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16
Q

Stephen looked at the aerobic longitudinal study and stated that the most risk was

A

CRF: low fitness was the strongest predictor of death

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17
Q

Define attributable factors

A

estimate of the # of deaths in a population that would have been avoided if that risk factor was erased

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18
Q

What did the study in Japan state about walking

A

every increase in 10 minutes of walking leads to a 12% dec in high bp

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19
Q

What is mike evans main question

A

can you limit your sitting and sleeping to just 23.5 hours a day

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20
Q

Who had less cardiac events with pt who exercised and pt who received a stent

A

exercise pt

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21
Q

Is the proper assessment or measurement of physical activity a challenge, especially in free-living individuals.

A

yes

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22
Q

Why are accurate assessments needed (2 reasons)

A

1- Understand the specific amounts of physical activity that are needed for health benefits
2-Determine if a particular behavioral intervention was successful in changing activity behavior

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23
Q

What are the 3 considerations when determining the accuracy of an assessment tool?

A

1- validity
2- reliability
3- sensitivity

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24
Q

Define validity

A

measuring what you’re supposed to be measuring

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25
Q

Define reliability

A

no matter who measures, the same result should appear. Reliable on several types of test and people.

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26
Q

Define sensitivity

A

how precise, is it able to detect small enough changes

27
Q

Name some subjective measures

A

questionnaires
surveys
interviews
logs

28
Q

subjective measures can vary by two ways

A

1- complexity

2- time frame of recall

29
Q

Name the two factors associated with complexity

A

1- Self-administered to interviewer administered

2- Single question to multiple components

30
Q

Name the 1 factor associated with time frame of recall

A

Past day, past week, past month, past year, historical/lifetime

31
Q

subjective measures; name types of activities assessed (4)

A

Leisure, occupational, household/self care activities, transportation

32
Q

Name 4 pros of a recall survey

A

1- non reactive
2- Practicality+ Applicability
3- Accuracy
4- FITT

33
Q

Name 5 cons of a recall survey

A 
1-Does not reflect total energy expenditure 
2-Reliability and validity 
3-Misinterpretation 
across different populations 
4-Social Desirability Bias 
5-Proxy?
34
Q

Name 3 pros of logs/diary

A

Practicality + Applicability
FITT?
Good for small groups

35
Q

Name 4 cons of logs/diary

A

Responsiveness
Social desirability
Proxy?
Long

36
Q

Name 3 objective measures

A

1-Energy Expenditure
2-Indirect Calorimetry
3-Doubly-labeled water

37
Q

Define Indirect Calorimetry

A

Uses respiratory gas analysis to measure energy expenditure.

38
Q

Define Doubly-labeled water

A

Uses biochemical markers to estimate energy expenditure

39
Q

Name 3 objective monitors

A

pedometer
activity monitors
heart rate monitor

40
Q

What does a pedometer do

A

Record steps taken and offer the ability to estimate the distance walked, if stride length is known

41
Q

Pros of pedometer 6

A 
1- small
2- cheap 
3- easy 
4- good for big groups
5- measures walking 
6- used in many settings
42
Q

cons of pedometer 3

A

1- does not measure FITD
2- no context
3- no reactivity

43
Q

What does an activity monitor do

A

Assess the acceleration of the body in one or more planes of movement

44
Q

Pros of activity monitor 3

A
  • FITD
  • small
  • easy
45
Q

cons of activity monitor 4

A

expensive
large groups?
no context
heavy analysis

46
Q

example of why a pedometer is not valid

A

measures squats as steps

47
Q

Heart rate is a direct indicator of what

A

one’s physiological response to physical activity

48
Q

Heart rate is an indirect indicator of what

A

estimate of energy expenditure

49
Q

is exercise workload/intensity, heart rate and energy expenditure a linear relationship

A

yes

50
Q

What is the linear relationship between exercise workload/intensity, heart rate and energy expenditure

A

As workload/intensity increases, heart rate and energy expenditure increases

51
Q

3 factors of subjective

A
  • less accurate
  • rely on opinion
  • social desirability bias
52
Q

2 factors on objective

A
  • accurate

- impartial

53
Q

Define physical fitness; A set of attributes that…

A

A set of attributes that individuals have or can achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity.

54
Q

physical fitness 5 components

A

1- Cardiorespiratory fitness
2- Muscular fitness (Muscular strength, Muscular endurance)
3- Body composition (DEXA, skin folds)
4- Flexibility

55
Q

How is Cardiorespiratory fitness measured directly/indirectly

A

Can be measured directly using maximal exercise testing (VO2max) or indirectly using submaximal exercise and field test protocols

56
Q

Maximal Oxygen Uptake (VO2max) is used as an objective measure of CR?

A

yes

57
Q

is VO2 max and epidemiology studies time consuming

A

yes

58
Q

VO2 max and epidemiology studies: 4 factors that influence PA and fitness

A

1- gender
2- Genetics
3- Age
4- Relative weight

59
Q

Examples of indirect calorimetry

A
  • stationary cycle ergometer

- douglas bag vs. metabolic cart

60
Q

When are submaximal VO2 tests an option

A

for large Epidemiological Studies

61
Q

submaximal VO2 tests what do you use to predict O2 consumption

A

HR

62
Q

Are HR and exercise workload/intensity linear relationship

A

yes as workload/intensity increase, HR increases

63
Q

How to estimate VO2 max in field tests

A

prediction equations

64
Q

2 factors used to estimated vo2 max in field test

A

1-Distance covered in a predetermined time

2-Amount of time it took to cover a predetermined distance

EXCI 420-A (7 decks)

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