PPT 3

Question 1

What is a causal pie model

Answer 1

each pie is composed of a component cause

Question 2

can there be multiple pies to explain how disease happens

Answer 2

yes

Question 3

what is multicausality

Answer 3

every causal mechanism involves the joint action of multiple component causes

Question 4

give an example of causes

Answer 4

genetics and environmental

Question 5

true or false very few exposures cause disease entirely by themselves

Answer 5

false

Question 6

What is another name for sufficient cause

Answer 6

causal mechanism

Question 7

Is sufficient cause the whole pie

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

what is the definition of sufficient cause

Answer 8

a minimum set of conditions when one is missing disease wont occur

Question 9

is sufficient cause usually a single factor

Answer 9

no each factor is a component cause

Question 10

What is a component causes

Answer 10

an event or condition that plays a necessary role in the occurence of some disease

Question 11

List four component causes of pneumonia

Answer 11

• elderly person
• exposure to pneumococcus
• smoking
• lives in a nursing home

Question 12

Name 3 pies for CAD

Answer 12

1- age, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity
2- genetics, sex, menopause, hormone replacement therapy
3- hypertension, unknown factor, maternal under nutrition, diabetes

Question 13

What is a necessary cause

Answer 13

the most important piece of the pie without it disease wont occur

Question 14

What is a necessary cause example

Answer 14

Example would be finding a component cause it each causal pie

Question 15

what is strength of causes

Answer 15

some component causes play a more important role than others

Question 16

Do causal components act in concert to produce effect

Answer 16

yes

Question 17

What is a strong cause

Answer 17

its a component cause that plays a causal role in a large proportion of the cases

Question 18

what is a weak cause

Answer 18

is a causal component in a small proportion of cases

Question 19

Strength of the cause depends on what

Answer 19

the prevalence of other causal factor that produce disease

Question 20

What is completion of a sufficient cause

Answer 20

disease occurrence (maybe not diagnosed)

Question 21

What does blocking of a component do to the completion of a sufficient cause

Answer 21

prevents the completion ex: no disease

Question 22

What is induction period

Answer 22

period of time beginning at the action of a component cause and ending when the final component cause acts and the disease occurs

Question 23

What is latency period

Answer 23

refers to time delay between disease occurrence and its detection

Question 24

Can component cause act far apart in time

Answer 24

yes

Question 25

How do we know 
when something “causes” something else?

Answer 25

Look at mill’s canons

Question 26

What are the 5 things of Cannon

Answer 26

Temporal Sequence

Strength of association

Consistency

Dose response

Biological Plausibility

Question 27

Temporal sequence

Answer 27

Exposure of the risk factor must precede development of the disease with sufficient time to account for disease progression

Question 28

Strength of association

Answer 28

There is a large and clinically meaningful difference in disease risk between those exposed and those not exposed to the risk

Question 29

Consistency

Answer 29

The observed association is always observed if the risk factor is present (e.g., regardless of sex, race, age, or methods of measurement)

Question 30

Dose response

Answer 30

The risk of disease associated with the risk factor is greater with stronger exposure to the risk factor
>exposure to risk factor, > risk of disease

Question 31

Biological Plausibility

Answer 31

The observed association is explainable by existing knowledge about possible biological mechanisms of the disease, which may be alterable (e.g., by physical activity)