PPT 2 Flashcards
Cholera was an epidemics across europe in which century
16th
Where was cholera very notable
London 1840
When was there a major outbreak of cholera
1853-54
What was the original theory of cholera
cholera attributed to miasma “bad air”
John snow looked at what
looked at deaths and water pump locations
Where is John Snow from
London
What did John Snow believe
believed that the cause was drinking water contaminated with fecal waste
What did john snow convince local authorities to do
to remove the handle on the pump, less chance to contaminate
What happened when the pump was removed
outbreak subsided
What did John snows study consist of (number of people)
mortality data on 300 00 people living in london
Did john snow go door to door to ask who supplied water
yes
What did john snow link
he linked certain companies to high rates of cholera deaths
was it found that companies were using unfiltered water
yes
Who founded cholera
Robert Kock 1883
John Snow was the first for 3 things
1- epidemiologist
2- person to use statistics
3- anesthesiologist
What are the 3 goals of epidemiology
1- describe the distribution of disease
2- analyze the information to identify risk factors
3- prevent disease by modifying the identified risk factors
John Snows way of addressing the 6 roles
1- Address public health question: why are people dying
2- Conduct a study: Look at water pump locations and # of deaths
3- Collect data: Went to regions with h20 pumps and assessed death
4- Describe data: more deaths around heavily populated regions
5- Assess: When handle was removed = dec death
6- Intervention: shut down pump
What time of study was john’s
observational
What is physical activity epidemiology
PA epidemiology studies factors associated with participation in PA and how this behaviour relates to the probability of disease or injury
PA epidemiology example of this study:
- Longitudinal study
risk factors/progression
PA epidemiology example of this study:
- surveillance studies
who got sick
PA epidemiology description of what
the level of PA in a population
PA epidemiology comparison of
PA among populations
PA epidemiology determination of factors…
Factors associated with participation in PA
PA epidemiology investigation of the association between..
PA and the risk for chronic disease like CVD, stroke etc.
When was exercise first used as a therapy. Ex: china
1- China used structured exercise for health promotion. 2500 BC
When was exercise first used as a therapy. Ex: Herodicus
2- Herodicus; therapeutic gymnastics and therapy based on vigorous exercise. 480 BC
When was exercise first used as a therapy. Ex: Hippocrates
3-Hippocrates: father of medicine, initially criticized herodicus and later agreed on the benefit of exercise
When was exercise first used as a therapy. Ex: Galen (2 uses of exercise)
Roman physician
2 uses of exercise:
- evacuation of excrements
- Production of the good condition of the firm parts of the body
When was exercise first used as a therapy. Ex: Geronimo Mercuriali (book and ET)
- 1st book De arte gymnastica on sports medicine.
- foundation of modern rehabilitation medicine
- vigorous exercise
When was exercise first used as a therapy. Ex: Wiliam Heberden
- exercise as a cure for heart disease
Who said: i know one who set himself a task of sawing wood half an hour every day, and was nearly cured
Wiliam Heberden
In 1953, the first article to link what to PA came out
to link CHD to PA
The article was about what
understanding the differences between conductors and bus drivers
Morris et al., the author of the article showed what
total incidence of CHD had a lower risk and so did mortality
Morris compared what people
Bus drivers and conductors
postal workers
Postmen versus telephonist/clerks who had lower CHD incidence
Postmen because of walking
Harvard alumni healthy study included how many people
17 000 male Harvard graduates
what were the three criteria for the study
1- disease free at baseline
2- reported activity, clinical history and parental history
3- followed from the late 60’s
Results from the harvard study based off energy expenditure
If weekly energy expenditure increased, all cause and CVD death rates declined
Harvard results: active men gained how many years of life up to age 80
1.25
Harvard results: for each hour spent exercising each week they gained __ hours of life
2 hours
Increased kcal for PA dec or inc relative risk
decrease
Define risk factor
activity or factor that may increase the chance of developing a disease
Define association
a connection of persons, things or ideas by some common factor
Define causation
The act or process of causing
Is causes part of correlation
yes
how does research start
asking a clear focused research question
What are the 6 types of questions/domains
1- etiology (cohort, case-control)
2- therapy (rct)
3- prognosis (cohort)
4- harm (cohort, case-control)
5- Diagnosis (cross-sectional, case control)
6- Economic (cost effectiveness analysis, etc)
What are the 4parts to a question (PICO)
P = who is the pt and what problem is being addressed I/E = what is the intervention or exposure C = what is the comparison group O= what is the outcome or end point
plus study design
