PPQs Flashcards
5 criteria for screening
- Disease should be important
- Disease progression should be well understood
- Screening test should be acceptable
- Diagnosis and treatment should be accessible
- Entire programme should be cost-effective
Define prevalence
Number of cases
Define incidence
Rate of new cases (in a certain time period)
Define sensitivity
The proportion of the people with the disease who are correctly identified by the screen
Define specificity
The proportion of people without the disease who are correctly excluded
Define PPV
The proportion of the people with a positive test who do have the disease
Define NPV
The proportion of the people with a negative test who do not have the disease
Define need
The ability to benefit from an intervention
Define epidemiological needs assessment
Deciding what a population needs, based on incidence and prevalence of certain diseases
Define comparative needs assessment
Compares the health status/ outcome/ resource/ utilisation of comparable populations
Define corporate needs assessment
Asks local population what they believe the needs of the population are (politicians, business people, press, etc. )
2 disadvantages of the comparative needs assessment
- Relative (no wider context)
- Not quantifiable
- Difficult to find comparable populations
Components and examples of theory of planned behaviour
Intention to change is influenced by:
- Individual’s attitude - knowing that smoking is bad for your health
- Perceived social pressure to deviate from the subjective norm - family want
- Self perceived ability to change
2 things to bridge the gap between intention and behaviour
- Nudge theory
2. -
2 limitations of the TPB
- Assumes that all 3 are rational decisions - does not include fear
- Assumes that all 3 are measurable and not linked
- Lack of temporal element
- Bypasses habits and routines - cognitive deliberation
Explain structure and example
What is there. Number of operating theatres, per 1000 population
Explain process and example
What happens. Number of operations performed, per 1000
Quantitive outcome for:
- hip replacements in osteoarthritis
- breast screening programme
- diabetes management in primary care
Hip replacements in osteoarthritis
- Proportion of patients who died from a complication of the operation
Breast screening programme
- Proportion of women diagnosed with breast cancer, of those who were called back
Diabetes management in primary care
- Average HBA1C
Define evaluation of health needs
Evaluation of whether a service achieves it’s objectives
Example of a process in COPD and breast cancer screening
COPD => proportion of COPD patients seen on annual basis for medication review
Breast cancer screening => proportion of women invited who attend screening
Why might a health outcome not be useful in assessing health services?
- Time lag between implementation of intervention and observed health outcome change - difficult to measure and attribute
- Does not assess the service provided
Give 2 qualitative methods of assessment
Survey
Focus Group
Interview
