Overview Flashcards
Define PH
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society
Name 3 purposes/domains of PH
Health Improvement
Health Protection
Improving Services
Define health improvement
Social interventions (not health services) aimed at preventing disease, promoting health and reducing inequalities
Define health protection
From infectious disease and environmental hazards
Define improving services
Organisation and delivery of safe and high quality services (prevention, treatment and care)
Define epigenetics
The phenotype is dependant on the genotype and environment - interaction
Define allostasis
stability through change
Define alloststic load
Long-term overtaxation of our physiological systems => impaired health
- this is the pathology of stress
Define salutogenesis
Experiences which promote health and health => favourable physiological changes
Define emotional intelligence
The ability to identify and manage one’s emotions (as well as others)
Define primary prevention
Before a disease has occurred - risk reduction
Give an example of a population primary approach to PH
Legislation
Give an example of a individual primary approach to PH
Identification of high risk individuals
Define secondary prevention
Catching disease in early stage - impact reduction
Define tertiary prevention
Minimising complications of the disease and long-term management
Define screening
A process which differentiates those who probably do have a disease (or precursor/ susceptibility) from those who probably don’t - not diagnostic
What is the name of the screening criteria?
Wilson and Jungner
Give 4 of screening criteria
The condition screened for should be important and well understood
The screening process should be acceptable
The diagnostic and treatment facilities should be accessible to all
The overall cost should be outweighed by the saving of catching the condition in the early stage
Define sensitivity
The proportion of the people with the disease who are correctly identified by the screen
Define specificity
The proportion of people without the disease who are correctly excluded
Define PPV
The proportion of the people with a positive test who do have the disease
Define NPV
The proportion of the people with a negative test who do not have the disease
Define lead time bias
When screening identifies an outcome earlier than would have been otherwise and this results in apparently long survival times, which are not true.
How to work out number of pack years
Multiplying the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day by the number of years the person has smoked
How much is one pack year?
20 cigarettes (1 pack) a day for a year
How to work out number of units
Multiplying the total volume of a drink (in ml) by its ABV (measured as a percentage) and dividing the result by 1,000. For example, to work out the number of units in a pint (568ml) of strong lager (ABV 5.2%): 5.2 (%) x 568 (ml) ÷ 1,000 = 2.95 units.
