Overview

Question 1

Define PH

Answer 1

The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society

Question 2

Name 3 purposes/domains of PH

Answer 2

Health Improvement
Health Protection
Improving Services

Question 3

Define health improvement

Answer 3

Social interventions (not health services) aimed at preventing disease, promoting health and reducing inequalities

Question 4

Define health protection

Answer 4

From infectious disease and environmental hazards

Question 5

Define improving services

Answer 5

Organisation and delivery of safe and high quality services (prevention, treatment and care)

Question 6

Define epigenetics

Answer 6

The phenotype is dependant on the genotype and environment - interaction

Question 7

Define allostasis

Answer 7

stability through change

Question 8

Define alloststic load

Answer 8

Long-term overtaxation of our physiological systems => impaired health

• this is the pathology of stress

Question 9

Define salutogenesis

Answer 9

Experiences which promote health and health => favourable physiological changes

Question 10

Define emotional intelligence

Answer 10

The ability to identify and manage one’s emotions (as well as others)

Question 11

Define primary prevention

Answer 11

Before a disease has occurred - risk reduction

Question 12

Give an example of a population primary approach to PH

Answer 12

Legislation

Question 13

Give an example of a individual primary approach to PH

Answer 13

Identification of high risk individuals

Question 14

Define secondary prevention

Answer 14

Catching disease in early stage - impact reduction

Question 15

Define tertiary prevention

Answer 15

Minimising complications of the disease and long-term management

Question 16

Define screening

Answer 16

A process which differentiates those who probably do have a disease (or precursor/ susceptibility) from those who probably don’t - not diagnostic

Question 17

What is the name of the screening criteria?

Answer 17

Wilson and Jungner

Question 18

Give 4 of screening criteria

Answer 18

The condition screened for should be important and well understood

The screening process should be acceptable

The diagnostic and treatment facilities should be accessible to all

The overall cost should be outweighed by the saving of catching the condition in the early stage

Question 19

Define sensitivity

Answer 19

The proportion of the people with the disease who are correctly identified by the screen

Question 20

Define specificity

Answer 20

The proportion of people without the disease who are correctly excluded

Question 21

Define PPV

Answer 21

The proportion of the people with a positive test who do have the disease

Question 22

Define NPV

Answer 22

The proportion of the people with a negative test who do not have the disease

Question 23

Define lead time bias

Answer 23

When screening identifies an outcome earlier than would have been otherwise and this results in apparently long survival times, which are not true.

Question 24

How to work out number of pack years

Answer 24

Multiplying the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day by the number of years the person has smoked

Question 25

How much is one pack year?

Answer 25

20 cigarettes (1 pack) a day for a year

Question 26

How to work out number of units

Answer 26

Multiplying the total volume of a drink (in ml) by its ABV (measured as a percentage) and dividing the result by 1,000. For example, to work out the number of units in a pint (568ml) of strong lager (ABV 5.2%): 5.2 (%) x 568 (ml) ÷ 1,000 = 2.95 units.