PPD

Question 1

Define a never event

Answer 1

Serious Incidents that are wholly preventable because guidance or safety recommendations that provide strong systemic protective barriers are available at a national level and should have been implemented by all healthcare providers

Question 2

Give an example of a never event

Answer 2

• Surgery at the wrong site
• Maternal death from PPH
• Retained products after surgery

Question 3

What is a human error?

Answer 3

Individual error

Question 4

What is a systems error?

Answer 4

System failed that caused the error to occur

Question 5

Define maleficience

Answer 5

Doing no harm to the patient

Question 6

Define beneficience

Answer 6

Doing what is in the patients best interests

Question 7

Define justice

Answer 7

Distribution of scarce health resources and the decision of who gets treatment

Question 8

Define autonomy

Answer 8

Patient has the right to choose or refuse treatment

Question 9

Name the four tests of negligence

Answer 9

1. Was there a duty of care
2. Was there a breach in the duty of care?
3. Did the patient come to harm?
4. Was this a result of the breach?

Question 10

Name two organisations/people that the hospital trust need to report never events to

Answer 10

Strategic executive information system

NRLS (national reporting and learning systems)

Question 11

What 4 things do you need to assess capacity?

Answer 11

• Understand
• Retain
• Weigh up
• Communicate

Question 12

What are the four ethical principles?

Answer 12

• Benficience
• Maleficience
• Justice
• Autonomy

NOTE: will often be asked in exams how to apply this to different situations.

Question 13

What is the libertarian principle for resource allocation?

Answer 13

Everyone is responsible for their own health, wellbeing and fulfilment of life plan

Incentives to change individual health behaviour, e.g. bonuses (sports, cash, kitchen equipment) for participation in routine screening, health promotion or check up programmes - payed for with the savings made from better health outcomes.

Question 14

What is the egalitarian principle for resource allocation?

Answer 14

That we should provide all care necessary and appropriate to everyone. All people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.

Question 15

What is the maximising principle for resource allocation?

Answer 15

Healthcare should be distributed to bring about the best possible outcome.

Question 16

What are the Bolam and Bolitho tests?

Answer 16

Bolam test - would a group of reasonable doctors do the same?

Bolitho test - would it be reasonable for them to do so?

Used when assessing whether someone has breeched a duty of care as part of clinical negligence.

Question 17

What is distributive justice

Answer 17

It addresses the ownership of goods in a society, concentrates on outcomes - perceived fairness of how rewards and cost are shared by group members.
E.g. when some workers work more hours but receive the same pay, group members may feel that distributive justice has not occurred.