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Phase 3A > Paedeatrics > Flashcards

Paedeatrics Flashcards

1
Q

What system is used to measure a child’s progression through puberty?

A

Tanner

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2
Q

What 3 measurements do you have to take to measure a child’s growth?

A
  • Weight
  • Height
  • Head circumference
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3
Q

Why do you have to measure head circumference?

A

Indicator of brain development

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4
Q

What is Perthes disease?

A

Idiopathic avascular necrosis of the femoral head of the femur.

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5
Q

How would you treat Perthes disease?

A

NSAIDs for symptom relief. Offer physio and a cast/brace.

Surgery - osteotomy in children over 8 or where a large percentage of the bone has been destroyed.

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6
Q

What are the symptoms of Perthes disease?

A
  • Hip and groin pain
  • Antalgic / trendelenburg gait
  • Potential leg shortening
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7
Q

What are the stages in assessing a sick child?

A

DRABC

  1. Danger
  2. Response
  3. Airways
  4. Breathing
    - Look
    - Listen
    - Feel
  5. Circulation
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8
Q

How would you conduct CPR on a baby?

A

DRABC –> if you got to A and discovered they were not breathing, this is when you would commence CPR.

  1. 5 initial rescue breaths (ensure not too big as a babies lungs are much smaller than an adults!). Need to tilt the head back to open the airways (being careful not to hyper-extent the babies neck).
  2. 15 chest compressions (using 2 fingers in the sternum).
  3. 2 breaths.

Repeat the above until help arrives. Check to see if the baby is breathing after steps. If not, continue CPR.

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9
Q

How would you conduct CPR on a young child?

A

DRABC –> if you got to A and discovered they were not breathing, this is when you would commence CPR.

  1. 5 initial rescue breaths (ensure not too big as a babies lungs are much smaller than an adults!). Need to tilt the head back to open the airways (being careful not to hyper-extent the babies neck).
  2. 15 chest compressions (using 1-2 hands on the chest).
  3. 2 breaths.

Repeat the above until help arrives. Check to see if the child is breathing after steps. If not, continue CPR.

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10
Q

What are the 4 domains of child development?

A
  1. Gross Motor
    - First 9 months
    - How a baby moves around
  2. Fine motor and vision
    - 1 year+
    - Walking and using hands
  3. Speech, language and hearing
    - how the child talks
  4. Social interaction and self care skills
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11
Q

List 3 red flags of child development

A
  • Indicators of safeguarding
  • Poor growth
  • ## Regression (could do a skill and now they can’t)
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12
Q

List 3 influences that help a child grow into a healthy adult (influence development)

A

Any of the following:

  • Neglect
  • Education
  • Stimulation
  • Nutrition
  • Mums Health
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13
Q

What can you expect a child to do at the age of 1? (‘normal’ development)

A
  • Walking
  • Scribbling with a pen
  • Smiling (6 weeks)
  • Can say 1 word
  • Use a spoon/fork
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14
Q

What is the healthy child programme?

A

Universal programme to ensure children have developmental assessments.

  • Health Visitors come to assess the baby and address any concerns of the parents.
  • Doctor reviews of the child.
  • Immunisation and screening.
  • Encourage healthy eating and physical activity.
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15
Q

Can you give 5 differentials for paediatric rashes?

A
  • Meningitis
  • Chicken Pox
  • Measles (rare)
  • Birth Mark
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16
Q

What tests can you do to decide between a bacterial and a viral cause of meningitis?

A
  1. CSF:
    - Protein raised and glucose low in bacterial meningitis.
    - Protein and glucose normal with a viral cause.
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17
Q

What is strabismus?

A

Squint

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18
Q

What is the first line prophylaxis for meningitis contacts? And how long do you give it for?
What are two contraindications for this medication?

A

Rimfampicin (2 days)

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19
Q

What is the cause of respiratory distress syndrome?

A

PREMATURITY

Type 2 pneumocytes do not produce surfactant and therefore surface tension is high

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20
Q

Why do you not build feeds up to quickly in a preterm baby?

A

Necrotising entercolitis -> premature gut is sensitive

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21
Q

What are 2 comorobidities associated with Downs syndrome?

A

Duodenal atresia

CHD

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22
Q

What is turners syndrome?

A

45 X

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23
Q

List 4 features of Turners

A
  • Short stature
  • Widely spaced nipples
  • Webbed neck
  • Infertility
  • Delayed puberty and mennorhagia
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24
Q

What is Kleinfelters syndrome?

A

46 XXY

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25
Q

What is fragile X?

A

Genetic disorder
More affects males
CCG repeat - FMR1

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26
Q

How do you test for trisomies during pregancy?

A

Scan - 10-14 weeks, Nucchal translucnecy.

Blood test.

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27
Q

How are Angelmans and Praader Willi related?

A
  • Chrosome 15
  • Angelmans = maternal
  • Praader Willis = paternal
28
Q

How do you screen for Downs, Pataus and Edwards?

A
  • Blood test

- nucchal translucency

29
Q

4 features of arthritis on X -ray

A
  • osteophyte formation
  • subchondral sclerosis
  • cysts
  • joint space narrowings
30
Q

Name the 5 types of JIA

A
  • Oligoarticular (ANA)
  • Polyarticular (RF +ve and RF -ve)
  • Enthesitis
  • Systemic
  • Psoratic
31
Q

What is the treatment for JIA?

A
  • NSAID - oligoarthritis
  • Methotrexate (DMARD) - poly
  • Biological agent - TNF-alpha
32
Q

Name 5 signs of dehydration in a child

A
  • Sunken fontanelle
  • Reduced urine output
  • Reduced skin turgor
  • Irritability
  • Sunken eyes
  • Tachypnoea
  • Tachycardia
  • Lethargy
  • Crying but no tears
33
Q

How do you calculate the deficit?

A

deficit % X 10 X Weight (kg)

34
Q

How do you calculate the weight of a baby if you dont know it?

A

(Age + 4) x 2 = WEIGHT Kg

35
Q

How do you calculate the rehydration of a child?

A

Maintenance + deficit - any boluses that you have given

36
Q

What bolus would you give a child with DKA?

A

10 mls/kg 0.9% NaCl + 5% dextrose (+/- KCl)

not 20 as need to be careful with fluid overload - cerebral oedema

37
Q

What bolus would you give a neonate?

A

10% Dextrose

38
Q

What bolus would you give a child in a trauma situation?

A

10 mls/kg 0.9% NaCl + 5% dextrose (+/- KCl)

first clot is the best clot - high volumes of fluid may dislodge the clot

39
Q

What picture would you usually see in someone with pyloric stenosis?

A

METABOLLIC ALKALOSIS

with low potassium and low chloride

40
Q

What is the most common cause of osteoparosis in children?

A

Osteomalacia

in kids different cause, not old enough to have the wear and tear that adults have

41
Q

How is osteomalacia caused?

A

Defect in the type 1 collagen gene

42
Q

How is osteomalacia inherited?

A

Autosommal dominant

43
Q

How do you detect JIA?

A

Diagnosis of exclusion

pGALS - detect before it causes too much damage (irreversible)

44
Q

How can you investigate for rickets, and what would it show ?

A
  • Low fasting phosphate
  • Low vitamin D in body
  • HIGH PARATHYROID
  • Low serum calcium
45
Q

What is the cause of rickets?

A

Vit D deficiency (and low calcium)

46
Q

What is a complicstion of using aspirin in children?

A

REYES SYNDROME

47
Q

When should you use apsirin in children?

A

KAWASAKIS disease

48
Q

List the features of kawasakis

A 
CRASH AND BURN
Cracked lips
Rash 
Adenopathy
Strawberry tongue and inflammation of mucus membranes
Hands and feet - desquamation 
Burn = fever
49
Q

What vitamin should you give malnourished children with measles?

A

VIT A - higher risk of deafness and blindness

50
Q

What virus causes chicken pox and shingles?

A

Varicella Zoster

51
Q

What can occur once someone has developed chicken pox?

A 
Shingles
Dermatome distribution (lie dormant in the nerve root ganglion)
52
Q

What is the most common cause of meningoccoal disease in neonates?

A
  • GBS
  • Ecoli
  • Listeria
53
Q

What is the most common cause of meningoccoal disease in infants?

A
  • Haem. Influenza

- Neisseria meningitis

54
Q

What type of bacteria is neiserria meningitidis?

A

Gram NEGATIVE diploccoci

55
Q

What causes the rash in meningitis?

A

DIC
- Neiserria meningitidis releases toxins - activate clotting factor 7, causing intravascular coagulation, blood leaks out the skin causing DIC

56
Q

What would you see in the CSF of someone with a BACTERIAL meningitis?

A
  • Low glucose (bacteria using it all up)

- High protein (bacteria)

57
Q

What causes fifth disease / slapped cheek?

A

PARVOVIRUS B19.

58
Q

What is a complication of a staph A infection?

A

Staph scalded skin syndrome (SSSS)

- Red blistered skin and fever

59
Q

After having a recent URTI a child develops red, blistered skin and a high fever. What is the cause of this?

A

Staph scalded skin syndrome

Toxins released by staph aureus

60
Q

List the 5 stages of chemotherpay treatment for ALL

A
  1. Induction
  2. Consolidation
  3. Interim maintenance
  4. Delayed intensification
  5. Maintenance

ILL CATS INCREASE MUMS DAILY MILK buying

61
Q

What is the most common leukaemia in children?

A

ALL

62
Q

Name 5 symptoms and 5 signs of ALL

A

Symptoms

  • Bleeding
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • BONE OR JOINT PAIN
  • recurrent infections

Signs

  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Gum hyptertrophy
  • Anaemia
  • Hepatomegaly
63
Q

What is the name of the vaccination to given at risk individuals of RSV?

A

Pavaluzimab

64
Q

What are the two risk factors associated with NEC?

A

Low birth weight

Prematurity

65
Q

List 3 complications of long term steroid use

A
  • Osteoparosis
  • Stunted growth
  • Weight gain
  • Thin skin
66
Q

What marker of CF is measured as part of the newborn screening test?

A
  • IRT

then go on to do genetic testing

67
Q

What are the three main organisms causing sepsis in the neonate?

A

Listeria
GBS
Ecoli

Phase 3A (17 decks)

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