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1
Q

What configurations does a heat pump come in?

A

Air-air
Air-water
Water-water

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2
Q

What configuration of heat pump is most common in small buildings?

A

Air-air

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3
Q

What is a split-system?

A

A HVAC system with interior and exterior components

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4
Q

In a split system, where is the condenser located?

A

Outside

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5
Q

What is a primary attraction of heat pumps in heating mode?

A

Heat mode can deliver more energy than it consumes (as electricity)

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6
Q

What does the rating SEER express?

A

Btu/h removed for each watt of energy unit input, over the cooling season

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7
Q

What does a higher SEER number mean?

A

A more efficient heat pump

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8
Q

Where should air-air heat pump not be used and why?

A

Cold climates

If there is less heat in the air, the heat pump needs to use a back-up electric resistance heating unit. This ends the efficiency advantage.

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9
Q

What type of heat pump should be used in cold climates?

A

Water-air

Wells, solar-heated stoarge or water from the ground

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10
Q

What is a single automatic pushbutton control?

A

1 call at a time

Uninterrupted trip per each call

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11
Q

When is a single automatic pushbutton control used?

A

Single-family residence and light-use freight

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12
Q

What is collective control?

A

Cars stop at each floor registering a call irrespective of direction.

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13
Q

Why is collective control not used anymore?

A

Slow and annoying service as calls aren’t registered in response to direction.

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14
Q

What is selective collective operation?

A

Collects all waiting up calls and collects all waiting down calls.

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15
Q

Where do you see selective collective operation?

A

Moderate service requirements

Multi-famiy, small offices and professional buildings

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16
Q

What can be added to selective collective operation?

A

Group control scheme

Assigns each hall call to the car best suited to answer

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17
Q

What is the downside to selective collective operation?

A

Bunching of cars can create longer wait times

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18
Q

What are the limits of selective collective operation?

A

Best when 2 cars. 3 cars can work, but you end up with bunching. More than 3 is not feasible.

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19
Q

What is destination dispatch?

A

A type of computerized system control

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20
Q

What are the 2 main categories of elevator?

A

Traction and hydraulic

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21
Q

What are the limitations of a hydraulic elevator?

A

Slow
Limited in distance
Not efficient
Chance of failure

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22
Q

What are the benefits of traction elevators?

A

More efficient
Last longer
Require less maintenance
Faster
Smoother ride

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23
Q

What are the design RoTs for hydraulic elevators?

A

2-5 floors
45’ max

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24
Q

What are the 4 types of hydraulic elevators?

A
  1. Direct Plunger
  2. Holeless
  3. Roped Hydro
  4. Telescoping Holeless
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25
What is the max lift of a holeless elevator?
15'
26
What are the 2 types of traction elevator?
Geared and gearless
27
What are the design RoTs for geared traction elevators?
150' max 5-15 stops 500 fpm
28
What are design RoTs for gearless traction elevators?
2000' max 15-60+ stops 2400 fpm
29
Where are geared traction elevators used?
Where torque and bigger lifting requirements are needed Freight elevators
30
In a traditional gearless traction elevator, where is the motor and controls?
On top of the elevator
31
What is the required area for hoistway venting?
3.5% of hoistway or 3 SF, whichever is bigger
32
What is voltage?
Pressure
33
What is current?
Flow of electricity
34
What do batteries run on?
DC - direct current
35
What is Ohm's Law?
W = IV Watts = Current x Voltage Power = Current x Pressure
36
What are the units for Ohm's Law?
Power = Watts Current = Amps Voltage = Volts
37
When is a thicker electrical wire needed?
To handle higher pressure - therefore higher wattage
38
How do transformers work?
Ratio of windings
39
Do you meter on the high voltage or low voltage side of a transformer?
Low voltage as it's cheaper and not as risky
40
What is the typical electrical supply for a small building?
120 V, Single Phase, 2 Wire
41
What is the typical electrical supply for a single family residence?
120 V / 240 V, Single Phase, 3 Wire
42
What is 3 phase?
Singing in the round Voltage is staggered, so having 3 phase means that there is always a consistent voltage supply
43
What should be used for a building larger than a single family residence, but less than 40,000 SF?
120 V / 208 V, 3 Phase, 4 Wire
44
What should be used for a larger building over 40,000 SF?
277 V / 408 V, 3 Phase, 4 Wire
45
In a 277 V / 408 V, 3 Phase, 4 Wire building, what needs to be added in the building?
A 408 V to 120 V transformer to supply outlets
46
What is a rectifier?
Changes AC to DC
47
What is a inverter?
Changes DC to AC
48
What does GFI stand for?
Ground Fault Interupter
49
What is a high albedo roof?
A light colored roof that absorbs less heat
50
What is a high emissivity roof?
Roof that releases the heat that was absorbed back to the night sky
51
What is EPDM?
Roofing membrane Rubber membrane for large low-sloped roofs and roofs with few penetrations
52
For a seismic zone, does the entire building need to be fully braced?
Not necessarily Just a portion of the building frame can be braced for seismic activity
53
What does temperate climate mean?
Cold winters, warm summers
54
Why are large mechanical items placed on an elevated pad?
Housekeeping pad - stops things from rolling underneath
55
Why is there a drain underneath AHUs?
To capture condensation from the cooling coil
56
What is displacement ventilation?
Air drawn from a plenum underneath the room, into a space and then exhausted up the top
57
What is a great typology to use displacement ventilation?
Theatres / Auditorium
58
What is a 4-pipe system in relation to an AHU?
Chilled water supply and return Hot water supply and return 2 sets of pipes for each coil (heating and cooling)
59
What type of glass do you need for a skylight?
LAMINATED
60
Which side is the cold side of the compression loop?
Evaporator
61
Which side is the hot side of the compression loop?
Condenser
62
Which is the high pressure side in the compression loop?
Condenser
63
Which is the low pressure side in the compression loop?
Evaporator
64
Arrow pointing into the pump, out from the expansion valve indicates which side?
Evaporator
65
Arrow pointing out of the pump, into the expansion valve indicates which side?
Condenser
66
Which side would be located in a cooling tower?
Condenser
67
Which offers the highest efficiency in solar panels? Monocrystalline or Polycrystalline?
Monocrystalline Think M = More
68
Which inherently has hints of blue? Monocrystalline or polycrystalline?
Polycrystalline Mono is black
69
What is the opposite of a thermal break?
Thermal bridge
70
What is conduction?
Heat transfer through a solid Insulation, thermal breaks, R-value, U-vale, conductivity, resistivity, compact building forms
71
What is Convection?
Heat transfer through air Air tightness, ventilation, heat carried through ductwork
72
What is Radiation?
Heat transfer through electromagnetic energy exchanged between objects in view of one another Fireplace, sunshine and shade, low-e windows, chilled beams, radiators
73
What are 2 examples of Convection?
Air infiltration through cracks in the building's envelope ERVs
74
What are 3 types of radiation?
Foil facing Solar heat gain Thermal mass
75
What is a type of conduction?
Thermal break
76
When thermal control is prioritized - which HVAC system?
FCUs, Ducted w VAV & VRF
77
What is the difference between an FCU and AHU?
AHU deals with fresh air and are larger FCUs deal with recirculated air and can be located in the room itself
78
What is a type of DX (Direct Expansion) HVAC system?
Window units or through-the-wall system
79
For historic buildings with no room for ducts?
VRF or Hydronic (chill beams & underfloor heating)
80
What are some energy efficient systems?
1 - central chiller and AHUs spread throughout 2 - renewables 3 - waste-heat capturing systems (VRF) 4 - economizer systems 5 - DOAS (dedicated outdoor air systems) 6 - all electric 7 - radiant systems
81
What are the quietest systems?
Remote compressors Radiant systems
82
What is the best roofing for odd geometries?
Fluid-applied
83
Best CMU insulators from best to worst
Permite/Vermiculite Air Grout 'PAG'
84
Best CMU to worst CMU for TL and STC
Grout Perlite/Vermiculite AIr 'GPA'
85
What are the 2 ways to remember CMU thermal and acoustic performance?
PAG -> thermal GPA -> acoustic
86
Condenser
High-pressure hot refrigerant
87
Compressor
Pump that circulates refrigerant
88
Evaporator
Low pressure cold refrigerant
89
Air-to-air system
Fan over condenser and evaporator
90
Air to Water
Fan over condenser, pumped water over evaporator
91
Water to Air
Pumped water over the condenser, air over the evaporator
92
Water to Water
Pumped water over the condenser and a different pumped water system over the evaporatorS
93
Split System
Condenser outside, evaporator inside (Residential)
94
Minisplit
Refrigerant flows through units in rooms under high pressure for heating and low pressure for cooling; can heat and cool different rooms simultaneously
95
Swamp cooler
Uses evaporation of water for cooling, with a fan, for very dry climates
96
Evaporative cool tower
Uses evaporation of water for cooling, no fan, for very dry climates only
97
Cooling tower
For cooling condenser water by blowing outside air over it
98
Chiller
Refrigeration machine for cooling chilled water in large buildings. Includes refrigerant moving through the condenser, compressor, evaporator, and expansion valve and the water that interfaces with the evaporator (and condensor)
99
Air-handling unit
Located down the hall, cools air for delivery to the room via ductwork
100
Fan Coil Unit
Located in the room, cools air by blowing it over pipes filled with chilled water from a chiller
101
Direct expansion (DX)
Like a window unit: with all cooling components including refrigeration machine and fan in one box
102
Variable vs constant cooling coil Variable vs constant ducted air speed Variable vs constant fan Variable vs constant pump
How much control over the rate of flow. Variable generally offers more comfort control and more energy-efficiency, but more complex equipment
103
Geothermal system
More efficient because it uses the moderate temperature of earth to heat or cool water for the refrigeration machine
104
Chilled beams
Like radiators for coolth; measure are required to prevent condensation
105
What is NRC?
Average absorption coefficient across 4 octave bands 250, 500, 1000, 2000
106
What is absorption coefficient?
Proportion of sound reflected / proportion of sound absorbed
107
Why doesn't low frequency sound reflect on small bumps?
Longer wavelength
108
What is STC
Sound Transmission Class
109
What does a higher NC rating mean?
More noise
110
What does you need to look for in terms of minimizing footfall noise?
Higher IIC Impact Insulation Class
111
Horizontal Footcandles
Candle Power x cos0 / D^2 D = hypotenuse of triangle
112
Vertical Footcandles
Candle Power x sin0 / D^2 D = hypotenuse of triangle
113
Horizontal Footcandles is measure of light on what surface?
Measure of light on the horizontal surface
114
Vertical Footcandles is measure of light on what surface?
Vertical surface

ARE 5.0 (9 decks)

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