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Step 1 > PP Cardio > Flashcards

PP Cardio Flashcards

0
Q

What organ has the lowest A-VO2 difference?

A

Kidney

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1
Q

What organ has the highest A-VO2 difference after exercise?

A

Muscles

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2
Q

Where does Type A thoracic aortic dissection occur?

A

Ascending aorta ( occur in Cystic medial necrosis, Syphilis)

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3
Q

Where does Type B thoracic aortic dissection occur?

A

Descending aorta ( occurs in Trauma, Atherosclerosis)

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4
Q

What layers does a true aneurysm occur?

A

Intima
Media
Adventina

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5
Q

What layers does a pseudo aortic aneurysm occur?

A

Intima

Media

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6
Q

What vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle?

A

Aorta

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7
Q

What vessels has the most smooth muscle?

A

Arterioles

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8
Q

What vessel has the most cross-sectional area?

A

Capillaries

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9
Q

What vessels has the highest compliance?

A

Aorta

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10
Q

What vessels has the highest capacitance?

A

Veins and venules

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11
Q

What is your max heart rate?

A

220- age

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12
Q

What is stable angina?

A

Pain with exertion ( atherosclerosis)

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13
Q

What is unstable angina?

A

Pain at rest ( transient clots)

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14
Q

What is Prinzmetal’s?

A

Intermittent pain ( coronary artery spasm)

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15
Q

What is Amyloidosis?

A

Stain Congo red

Echo Apple-green birefringence

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16
Q

What is Hemochromatosis?

A

Fe deposit in organs => hyperpigmentation, arthritis, DM

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17
Q

What is Cardiac tamponade?

A 
Pressure equalizes in all 4 chambers
Quiet precordium
No pulse or BP
Kussmaul's sign
Pulsus paradoxus
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18
Q

What is Transudate?

A 
An effusion with mostly water:
Too much water:
- heart failure
- renal failure
Not enough protein:
- cirrhosis ( can't make protein)
- nephrotic syndrome ( pee protein out)
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19
Q

What is Exudate?

A

An effusion with mostly protein:
Too much protein:
- purulent ( bacteria)
- hemorrhagic ( trauma, cancer, PE)
- Fibrinous ( collagen vascular dz, uremia, TB{caseous necrosis})
- granulomatous ( non-bacteria ) : T cell and macrophage

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20
Q

What is Systole?

A

Squish heart
Decrease blood flow to coronary arteries
More extraction of O2 ( phase 1 Korotkoff)

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21
Q

What is Diastole?

A

Fill heart
Increase blood flow to coronary arteries
Less extraction of O2 ( phase 5 Korotkoff )

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22
Q

What are the only arteries w/ deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary

Umbilical

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23
Q

What murmur has a Waterhammer pulse?

A

AR

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24
Q

What murmur has Pulsus tardus?

A

AS

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25
Q

What cardiomyopathy has Pulsus alternans?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

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26
Q

What murmur has irregularly irregular pulse?

A

A Fib

27
Q

What murmur has a regularly irregular pulse?

A

PVC

28
Q

What sound irradiates to the neck?

A

AS

29
Q

What sound irradiates to the axilla?

A

MR

30
Q

What sound radiates to the back?

A

PS

31
Q

What disease has a boot-shaped x-Ray?

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy

32
Q

What disease has a banana-shaped x-Ray?

A

IHSS

33
Q

What disease has an egg-shaped x-Ray?

A

Transposition of the great arteries

34
Q

What disease has a snowman-shaped x-Ray?

A

Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return

35
Q

What disease has a “3” shaped x-Ray?

A

Coarctation of the aorta

36
Q

What is Osler-Weber-Rendu?

A

AVM in lung, gut, CNS =>sequester platelets => talangectasia

37
Q

What is Von Hippel-Lindau?

A

AVM in head, retina =>renal cell CA risk

38
Q

What murmur occur during systole?

A

Holosystolic

Ejection murmur or click

39
Q

What are the holosystolic murmur?

A

TR
MR
VSD

40
Q

What are the systolic ejection murmur?

A

AS

PS

41
Q

What are the continuos murmur?

A

PDA

AVMs

42
Q

What has a friction rub when holding breath?

A

Pericarditis

43
Q

What has a friction rub while breathing?

A

Pleuritis

44
Q

What does a mid-systolic click tell you?

A

Mitral valve prolapse

45
Q

What does an ejection click tell you?

A

A/P stenosis

46
Q

What does an opening snap tell you?

A

M/T stenosis

47
Q

What does S2 splitting tell you?

A

Norman on inspiration ( b/c pulmonic valve closes later)

48
Q

What does wide S2 splitting tell you?

A

Increase O2
Increase RV vol
Delayed pulmonic valve opening

49
Q

What does fixed wide S2 splitting tell you?

A

ASD

50
Q

What does paradoxical S2 splitting tell you?

A

AS ( or left bundle branch block)

51
Q

What is cor pulmonale?

A

Pulmonary HTN => RV failure

52
Q

What is Eisenmenger’s?

A

Pulmonary HTN => reverse L-R to R-L shunt

53
Q

What is Transposition of the great arteries?

A

Aorticolumonary septum did not spiral

Most common abnormality of the newborn

54
Q

What is Tetrology of Fallot?

A 
Most common abnormality after a month of life 
Overriding Aorta 
Pulmonary stenosis "Tet spells"
RV hypertrophy => boot-shaped heart
VSD ( L to R shunt)
55
Q

What is Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return?

A

All pulmonary veins to RA

Snowman x-Ray

56
Q

What is Truncus Arteriosus?

A

Spiral membrane not develop => one A/P trunk

Mixed blood

57
Q

What is Ebstein’s Anomaly?

A

Tricuspid prolapse

Moms Li increase risk

58
Q

What can Lithium do to mom?

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

59
Q

What is Cinchonism?

A

Hearing loss
Tinnitus
Thrombocytopenia

60
Q

Pansystolic Murmur

A

Mitral regurg
Tricuspid regurg
Ventricle Septal defect

61
Q

Heart Block Clue

A

Increase body temperature with a normal heart rate

HR should increase by 10bpm for every 1 degree increase in temperature

62
Q

Ions in the EKG

A 
P wave - Ca
QRS complex - Na
S-T interval - Ca
T wave - K
U wave -Na
63
Q

MC Non-cyanotic Congenital heart Dis.

A

VSD
ASD
PDA
Coartation of aorta

64
Q

Sub-Acute Bacterial Endocarditis

A 
Most common bacteria is Strep. Viridians 
Roth Spot
Janeway lesion (toes)
Osler's node (finger)
Splinter hemorrhage
Endocarditis
Mycotic aneurysm (septic emboli)
65
Q

Causes of widened S2

A 
Increase pO2
Increase vol R. vent.
Blood transfusion
Supplemental O2
R. Side heart failure
Pregnancy
IV fluids
ASD
Deep breathing
66
Q

Cyanotic heart diseases

A 
Transposition of great arteries
Tetralogy of Fallot
Truncus Arteriosus
Tricuspid Atresia 
Total Anomalus Pulmonary Venous Return
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Ebstein's Anomaly
Aortic Atresia
Pulmonic Atresia

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