PP Cardio Flashcards
What organ has the lowest A-VO2 difference?
Kidney
What organ has the highest A-VO2 difference after exercise?
Muscles
Where does Type A thoracic aortic dissection occur?
Ascending aorta ( occur in Cystic medial necrosis, Syphilis)
Where does Type B thoracic aortic dissection occur?
Descending aorta ( occurs in Trauma, Atherosclerosis)
What layers does a true aneurysm occur?
Intima
Media
Adventina
What layers does a pseudo aortic aneurysm occur?
Intima
Media
What vessel has the thickest layer of smooth muscle?
Aorta
What vessels has the most smooth muscle?
Arterioles
What vessel has the most cross-sectional area?
Capillaries
What vessels has the highest compliance?
Aorta
What vessels has the highest capacitance?
Veins and venules
What is your max heart rate?
220- age
What is stable angina?
Pain with exertion ( atherosclerosis)
What is unstable angina?
Pain at rest ( transient clots)
What is Prinzmetal’s?
Intermittent pain ( coronary artery spasm)
What is Amyloidosis?
Stain Congo red
Echo Apple-green birefringence
What is Hemochromatosis?
Fe deposit in organs => hyperpigmentation, arthritis, DM
What is Cardiac tamponade?
Pressure equalizes in all 4 chambers Quiet precordium No pulse or BP Kussmaul's sign Pulsus paradoxus
What is Transudate?
An effusion with mostly water: Too much water: - heart failure - renal failure Not enough protein: - cirrhosis ( can't make protein) - nephrotic syndrome ( pee protein out)
What is Exudate?
An effusion with mostly protein:
Too much protein:
- purulent ( bacteria)
- hemorrhagic ( trauma, cancer, PE)
- Fibrinous ( collagen vascular dz, uremia, TB{caseous necrosis})
- granulomatous ( non-bacteria ) : T cell and macrophage
What is Systole?
Squish heart
Decrease blood flow to coronary arteries
More extraction of O2 ( phase 1 Korotkoff)
What is Diastole?
Fill heart
Increase blood flow to coronary arteries
Less extraction of O2 ( phase 5 Korotkoff )
What are the only arteries w/ deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary
Umbilical
What murmur has a Waterhammer pulse?
AR
What murmur has Pulsus tardus?
AS
What cardiomyopathy has Pulsus alternans?
Dilated cardiomyopathy
What murmur has irregularly irregular pulse?
A Fib
What murmur has a regularly irregular pulse?
PVC
What sound irradiates to the neck?
AS
What sound irradiates to the axilla?
MR
What sound radiates to the back?
PS
What disease has a boot-shaped x-Ray?
Right ventricular hypertrophy
What disease has a banana-shaped x-Ray?
IHSS
What disease has an egg-shaped x-Ray?
Transposition of the great arteries
What disease has a snowman-shaped x-Ray?
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return
What disease has a “3” shaped x-Ray?
Coarctation of the aorta
What is Osler-Weber-Rendu?
AVM in lung, gut, CNS =>sequester platelets => talangectasia
What is Von Hippel-Lindau?
AVM in head, retina =>renal cell CA risk
What murmur occur during systole?
Holosystolic
Ejection murmur or click
What are the holosystolic murmur?
TR
MR
VSD
What are the systolic ejection murmur?
AS
PS
What are the continuos murmur?
PDA
AVMs
What has a friction rub when holding breath?
Pericarditis
What has a friction rub while breathing?
Pleuritis
What does a mid-systolic click tell you?
Mitral valve prolapse
What does an ejection click tell you?
A/P stenosis
What does an opening snap tell you?
M/T stenosis
What does S2 splitting tell you?
Norman on inspiration ( b/c pulmonic valve closes later)
What does wide S2 splitting tell you?
Increase O2
Increase RV vol
Delayed pulmonic valve opening
What does fixed wide S2 splitting tell you?
ASD
What does paradoxical S2 splitting tell you?
AS ( or left bundle branch block)
What is cor pulmonale?
Pulmonary HTN => RV failure
What is Eisenmenger’s?
Pulmonary HTN => reverse L-R to R-L shunt
What is Transposition of the great arteries?
Aorticolumonary septum did not spiral
Most common abnormality of the newborn
What is Tetrology of Fallot?
Most common abnormality after a month of life Overriding Aorta Pulmonary stenosis "Tet spells" RV hypertrophy => boot-shaped heart VSD ( L to R shunt)
What is Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return?
All pulmonary veins to RA
Snowman x-Ray
What is Truncus Arteriosus?
Spiral membrane not develop => one A/P trunk
Mixed blood
What is Ebstein’s Anomaly?
Tricuspid prolapse
Moms Li increase risk
What can Lithium do to mom?
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
What is Cinchonism?
Hearing loss
Tinnitus
Thrombocytopenia
Pansystolic Murmur
Mitral regurg
Tricuspid regurg
Ventricle Septal defect
Heart Block Clue
Increase body temperature with a normal heart rate
HR should increase by 10bpm for every 1 degree increase in temperature
Ions in the EKG
P wave - Ca QRS complex - Na S-T interval - Ca T wave - K U wave -Na
MC Non-cyanotic Congenital heart Dis.
VSD
ASD
PDA
Coartation of aorta
Sub-Acute Bacterial Endocarditis
Most common bacteria is Strep. Viridians Roth Spot Janeway lesion (toes) Osler's node (finger) Splinter hemorrhage Endocarditis Mycotic aneurysm (septic emboli)
Causes of widened S2
Increase pO2 Increase vol R. vent. Blood transfusion Supplemental O2 R. Side heart failure Pregnancy IV fluids ASD Deep breathing
Cyanotic heart diseases
Transposition of great arteries Tetralogy of Fallot Truncus Arteriosus Tricuspid Atresia Total Anomalus Pulmonary Venous Return Hypoplastic left heart syndrome Ebstein's Anomaly Aortic Atresia Pulmonic Atresia
