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step 1 > PP Bioestadistics > Flashcards

PP Bioestadistics Flashcards

0
Q

What is the Median?

A

Middle value

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1
Q

What is the mean?

A

Average

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2
Q

What is the Mode?

A

Most frequent value

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3
Q

What does sensitivity tell you?

A

People that have the disease with a (+) test
= A / (A+C)
= 1 - false negative rate

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4
Q

What does specificity tell you?

A

People that don’t have the disease with a (-) test
= D / ( D+B)
= 1 - false positive rate

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5
Q

What does PPV tell you?

A

Probability of having the disease with a (+) test

= A / ( A + B)

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6
Q

What does NPV tell you?

A

Probability of not having the disease with a (-) test

= D / (C+ D)

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7
Q

What does incidence tell you?

A

Number of new cases in a period of time

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8
Q

What does prevalence tell you?

A

Total of cases

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9
Q

What does OR tell you?

A

Diseased are x time more likely to see risk factor

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10
Q

What does Confidence interval = 96% tell you?

A

95% sure it lies within the interval

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11
Q

What does RR tell you?

A

Risk of getting the disease with known exposure

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12
Q

What is NNT?

A

NNT to change 1 life

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13
Q

What does a p value < 0.5 tell you?

A

Random chance that you will be wrong 1 time out of 20

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14
Q

What does a Null hypothesis tell you?

A

Nothing’s happening

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15
Q

What does Pawer tell you?

A

Probability of detecting a < > when there is one

P= (1- beta)

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16
Q

What is Type I error?

A

False positives
Admitting there is a < > when there is not
Alfa = probability of making a TI error

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17
Q

What is Type II error?

A

False negative
Denying there is a < > when there is one
Beta = probability of making a TII error

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18
Q

What is Accuracy?

A

Validity “truth”

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19
Q

What is Precision?

A

Reliability “keep making the same mistake”

20
Q

What are the phases of clinical trials?

A

P I: Is the drug safe? “ toxicity”
P II: Does the drug work? “ efficacy”
P III: Does the drug work better? “ comparison”
P IV: post- marketing

21
Q

What is a Cohort study?

A

Prospective or Retrospective study that provides incidence

Uses RR

22
Q

What is a Case control study?

A

Retrospective study that

Uses OR

23
Q

What is a Cross Sectional study?

A

Provides prevalence

24
Q

What is a Case Report?

A

Describes an unusual pt

25
Q

What are Consensus Panels?

A

Panel of experts provides a recommendation

26
Q

What is clinical wisdom?

A

I think …. Paper

27
Q

What is a Meta-analysis?

A

Tries to combine data from many trials

28
Q

What is Selection bias?

A

Nonrandom assigment

Berksons bias

29
Q

Absolute risk reduction?

A

AAR = [c / ( c+d) ] - [a / (a +b) ]

30
Q

What is Recall bias?

A

Knowledge of presence of disorder alters recall by subjects

31
Q

What is Sampling bias?

A

Subjects are NOT representative of the general population

32
Q

What is Late-look bias?

A

Information gather at an inappropriate time

33
Q

What is a Procedure bias?

A

Not equal attention to both groups

34
Q

What is a Confounding bias?

A

When the FACTOR is related with the exposure an the outcome

35
Q

What is a Lead-time bias?

A

Confusing Early detection with increase of survival

36
Q

What is the Observer-expectancy effect?

A

Believe of research affects the outcome

37
Q

What is the Hawthrone effect?

A

People being study change in behavior because they know they been study

38
Q

Ways to reduce Bias?

A 
Blind studies
Placebo control group
Crossover studies
Randomization 
Matching
39
Q

What are the percentage of the 1,2,3 standard deviation?

A

1- 68%
2- 95%
3- 99.7%

40
Q

Standard Deviation and Standar error of the mean ( SEM)?

A 
SD = õ
SEM = SD / raiz cuadrada de n
41
Q

Positive and negative Skew?

A

(+) -> mean > median > mode

(-) -> mean < median < mode

42
Q

Values of confidence interval (CI)?

A 
90% = 1.645
95% = 1.96
99% = 2.57
43
Q

t - test?

A

Difference between the Mean of 2 groups

44
Q

ANOVA?

A

Difference between the Mean of 3 or more groups

45
Q

Chi-square?

A

Compare difference between % or proportion

46
Q

Whatch are the sleep stages?

A

Awake (eyes open) -> alert, beta wave { high frequency, lowest amplitude}
Awake (eyes closed) -> alpha wave
Stage N1 -> light sleep, theta wave
Stage N2 -> deeper sleep, K complexes
Stage N3 -> deepest, non-REM, bedwetting, delta waves {lowest frequency, highest amplitude}
REM -> Dreaming, beta waves

47
Q

Developing stages?

A

0-12mo Infant -> Parents, Start, Observing
12-36mo Toddler -> Child, Rearing, Working
3-5 years Preschool -> Don’t, Forget; they’re still, Learning

step 1 (17 decks)

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