Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathological Processes > PP 7 Cellular Adaptations > Flashcards

PP 7 Cellular Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the size of cell population dependent on?

A

Cell proliferation
Cell differentiation
Cell death by apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes increase in cell numbers?

A

Decreased cell death
Increased cell proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is normal cell proliferation regulated by?

A

Tumour suppressors
Proto-oncogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is cell adaptation?

A

State between a normal unstressed cell + overstressed injured cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List cell adaptations

A

Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Atrophy
Metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hyperplasia meaning

A

Increased cell number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hypertrophy meaning

A

Increased cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Atrophy meaning

A

Decreased cell size or number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Metaplasia meaning

A

Cells are replaced by different cell type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the types of physiological hyperplasia?

A

Hormonal
Compensatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is hormonal hyperplasia a result of?

A

Need for increased functional capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is compensatory hyperplasia a result of?

A

Need of an increase in tissue mass after tissue damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Causes of pathological atrophy

A

Decreased work load
Loss of innervation
Decreased blood supply
Inadequate nutrition
Persistent injury
Loss of endocrine stimulation
Aging
Pressure
Occlusion of secretory duct
Toxic agents
X rays
Immunological disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is metaplasia most common in?
What happens?

A

Epithelial tissues
Columnar epithelium > squamous epithelium
(fragile) (more resistant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where does metaplasia not occur?

A

Across germ layers e.g. bone > nerve
In adult striated muscle or neurones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can happen in metaplasia?

A

Loss of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Is hyperplasia reversible?

A

Yes

18
Q

Is metaplasia reversible?

A

Yes

19
Q

Examples of physiological hyperplasia

A

Proliferation of endometrium from oestrogen
Bone marrow production of RBCs

20
Q

Aplasia meaning

A

Complete failure of specific tissue or organ to develop

21
Q

Hypoplasia meaning

A

Congenital underdevelopment or incomplete development of tissue or organ

22
Q

Atresia meaning

A

Congenital absence/narrowing of an opening

23
Q

Reconstitution meaning

A

Replacement of a lost body part

24
Q

Involution meaning

A

Normal programmed shrinkage of organ

25
Q

Dysplasia meaning

A

Abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue

26
Q

Neoplasia meaning

A

New, abnormal tissue growth

27
Q

Example of hypertrophy

A
  • Smooth muscle hypertrophy of uterus in pregnancy due to oestrogen
  • cardiac muscle of heart in exercise
28
Q

What is the best way to treat atrophy?

A

Treat the cause

29
Q

Types of atrophy

A

Atrophy of disuse
Senile atrophy
Pressure atrophy
Denervation atrophy

30
Q

Cause of senile atrophy

A

Inadequate blood supply

31
Q

Where does senile atrophy occur?

A

Permanent tissue

32
Q

Cause of atrophy of disuse

A

Decreased work load
e.g. excessive bed rest after injury/surgery

33
Q

Fat can convert x to y ?

A

Androgens (testosterone) to oestrogen

34
Q

What can too much oestrogen cause?

A

Endometrial hyperplasia
Breast cancer

35
Q

Clinical use of tamoxifen

A

To reduce the chance of breast cancer coming back
Blocks oestrogen receptors in breasts

36
Q

Side effect of tamoxifen

A

Stimulates oestrogen receptors in endometrium
Can cause endometrial hyperplasia

37
Q

Long term complication of endometrial hyperplasia

A

Endometrial cancer

38
Q

Common causes of myocardial hypertrophy

A

Mitral valve regurgitation
Ischaemic heart disease
Exercise
Stenosis of outflow tracts

39
Q

Examples of pathological hyperplasia

A
  • epidermal thickening
40
Q

Examples of physiological hypertrophy

A

Body builders - skeletal muscle
Pregnant uterine cells

41
Q

Examples of pathological hypertrophy

A

Ventricular hypertrophy
Bladder smooth muscle hypertrophy

Pathological Processes (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions